Ultrafast B1 mapping with RF-prepared 3D FLASH acquisition: Correcting the bias due to T₁-induced k-space filtering effect

Purpose: The traditional radiofrequency (RF)-prepared B₁ mapping technique consists of one scan with an RF preparation module for flip angle-encoding and a second scan without this module for normalizing. To reduce the T₁-induced k-space filtering effect, this method is limited to 2D FLASH acquisition with a two-parameter method. A novel 3D RF-prepared three-parameter method for ultrafast B₁-mapping is proposed to correct the T₁-induced quantification bias. Theory: The point spread function analysis of FLASH shows that the prepared longitudinal magnetization before the FLASH acquisition and the image signal obeys a linear (not proportional) relationship. The intercept of the linear function causes the quantification bias and can be captured by a third saturated scan. Methods: Using the 2D double-angle method (DAM) as the reference, a 3D RF-prepared three-parameter protocol with 9 s duration was compared with the two-parameter method, as well as the saturated DAM (SDAM) method, the dual refocusing echo acquisition mode (DREAM) method, and the actual flip-angle imaging (AFI) method, for B₁ mapping of brain, breast, and abdomen with different orientations and shim settings at 3T. Results: The 3D RF-prepared three-parameter method with complex-subtraction delivered consistently lower RMS error, error mean, error standard deviation, and higher concordance correlation coefficients values than the two-parameter method, the three-parameter method with magnitude-subtraction, the multi-slice DREAM and the 3D AFI, and were close to the results of 2D or multi-slice SDAM. Conclusion: The proposed ultrafast 3D RF-prepared three-parameter method with complex-subtraction was demonstrated with high accuracy for B₁ mapping of brain, breast, and abdomen.