Tuberculosis with human immunodeficiency virus infection

Tuberculosis is the commonest opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients in developing countries including India. The seroprevalence of HIV among tuberculosis patients in various parts of India has been increasing steadily. Children who are HIV-infected have a higher risk of progression after primary infection. Children born to HIV positive parents who are not infected themselves are also at higher risk of acquiring tuberculosis because of exposure. The clinical and radiological manifestations of tuberculosis are similar to those seen in HIV-uninfected individuals, except in those with advanced immunodeficiency. Most patients respond well to standard chemotherapy but mortality remains high because of other opportunistic infections. Preventive treatment with isoniazid for 6-12 months is effective in reducing those with latent infection.