Training and Simulation Models in PCNL

Urolithiasis have become an increasingly common medical problem. While urologists have many tools in their armamentarium for treatment, percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) remains a first-line treatment for large (≥2 cm) or challenging stones. PCNL bolsters high stone-free rates, but it remains a complex procedure with many nuances. One of the most challenging steps is percutaneous access. Meticulous preparation is involved for PCNL, as surgeons plan the most ideal needle access path. If perfect access is achieved in an efficient manner, this significantly reduces the risks of complications and increases the chance of rendering patients stone-free.Many simulation trainingmodalities exist for PCNLranging from low-fidelity benchtop models to high-fidelity, validated immersion simulation. In this chapter we review the available simulation platforms for training PCNL procedure.