@article{df306ef74ca6468eb50f1cd845f4a5b3,
title = "Theranostic and prognostic biomarkers: Genomic applications in urological malignancies",
abstract = "Compared to other solid tumours such as breast, colon, and lung, the current clinical management of urological malignancies is lagging behind in terms of utilisation of clinically robust molecular tests that can identify patients that are more likely to respond to a given targeted agent, or even those in need of a more aggressive treatment approach based on well-validated molecular prognosticators. Several promising biomarkers for detection, prognosis, and targeted therapeutics are now under evaluation. The following review discusses some of the candidate biomarkers that may soon make their transition into clinically applicable assays in urological oncology patients.",
keywords = "Molecular diagnostics, Prognostics, Prostate, Renal, Theranostics, Urological, Urothelial",
author = "Netto, {George J.} and Epstein, {Jonathan I.}",
note = "Funding Information: The perceived need to identify {\textquoteleft}objective{\textquoteright} markers to supplement, or conceivably supplant, the more {\textquoteleft}subjective{\textquoteright} established histological parameters has been a major driving force behind biomarker discovery efforts. It is crucial to recognise and account for the potential variability that can exist even with the new molecular parameters. Sources of variability include differences in molecular technique methodologies, tissue fixation and processing, inter-and intra-observer variability (in immunohistochemistry based biomarkers) and differences in cut-off points.21 Furthermore, illustration of statistical significance for a particular biomarker does not alone assure its utility in a given patient. Therefore, a promising prognostic or therapeutic target biomarker should endure a rigorous {\textquoteleft}evidence based{\textquoteright} analysis and be validated in large size, prospective, clinical trials before transition into standard practice.22 Such approach is currently underway in a National Cancer Institute (NCI) sponsored multi-institutional effort involving 11 prostate cancer Specialized Programs of Research Excellence (SPORE) recipient cancer centers in the United States.",
year = "2010",
month = jun,
doi = "10.3109/00313021003779145",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "42",
pages = "384--394",
journal = "Pathology",
issn = "0031-3025",
publisher = "Lippincott Williams and Wilkins",
number = "4",
}