TY - JOUR
T1 - The Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program (TSAP)
T2 - Clinical, Diagnostic, and Epidemiological Methodologies
AU - Von Kalckreuth, Vera
AU - Konings, Frank
AU - Aaby, Peter
AU - Adu-Sarkodie, Yaw
AU - Ali, Mohammad
AU - Aseffa, Abraham
AU - Baker, Stephen
AU - Breiman, Robert F.
AU - Bjerregaard-Andersen, Morten
AU - Clemens, John D.
AU - Crump, John A.
AU - Cruz Espinoza, Ligia Maria
AU - Deerin, Jessica Fung
AU - Gasmelseed, Nagla
AU - Sow, Amy Gassama
AU - Im, Justin
AU - Keddy, Karen H.
AU - Cosmas, Leonard
AU - May, Jürgen
AU - Meyer, Christian G.
AU - Mintz, Eric D.
AU - Montgomery, Joel M.
AU - Olack, Beatrice
AU - Pak, Gi Deok
AU - Panzner, Ursula
AU - Park, Se Eun
AU - Rakotozandrindrainy, Raphaël
AU - Schütt-Gerowitt, Heidi
AU - Soura, Abdramane Bassiahi
AU - Warren, Michelle R.
AU - Wierzba, Thomas F.
AU - Marks, Florian
N1 - Funding Information:
The International Vaccine Institute (IVI) is grateful to all field staff collaborating on the project in the ten countries where surveillance is conducted. The IVI also acknowledges the invaluable support of the medical anthropology consultant, Alfred Pach, as well as the extensive institutional administrative support given by Soo-Young Kwon, Hye-Jin Seo and Hyon-Jin Jeon. The IVI also thanks members from the Coalition Against Typhoid, Gavi, the Sabine Vaccine Institute, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Fondation Mérieux, the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (Vietnam), and the World Health Organization for their support and expertise provided to TSAP. The publication is based on research funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPPGH5231). IVI acknowledges its donors, including the Republic of Korea and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency. Research infrastructure at the Moshi site was supported by the US National Institutes of Health (grant numbers R01TW009237; U01 AI062563; R24 TW007988; D43 PA-03-018; U01 AI069484; U01 AI067854; P30 AI064518), and by the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (grant number BB/J010367). S. B. is a Sir Henry Dale Fellow, jointly funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Royal Society (100087/Z/12/Z). This publication was made possible by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1129380).
Funding Information:
The International Vaccine Institute (IVI) is grateful to all field staff collaborating on the project in the ten countries where surveillance is conducted. The IVI also acknowledges the invaluable support of the medical anthropology consultant, Alfred Pach, as well as the extensive institutional administrative support given by Soo-Young Kwon, Hye-Jin Seo and Hyon-Jin Jeon. The IVI also thanks members from the Coalition Against Typhoid, Gavi, the Sabine Vaccine Institute, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Fondation M?rieux, the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (Vietnam), and the World Health Organization for their support and expertise provided to TSAP. The publication is based on research funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPPGH5231). IVI acknowledges its donors, including the Republic of Korea and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency. Research infrastructure at the Moshi site was supported by the US National Institutes of Health (grant numbers R01TW009237; U01 AI062563; R24 TW007988; D43 PA-03-018; U01 AI069484; U01 AI067854; P30 AI064518), and by the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (grant number BB/J010367). S. B. is a Sir Henry Dale Fellow, jointly funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Royal Society (100087/Z/12/Z). This publication was made possible by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1129380).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2016 The Author.
PY - 2016/3/15
Y1 - 2016/3/15
N2 - Background. New immunization programs are dependent on data from surveillance networks and disease burden estimates to prioritize target areas and risk groups. Data regarding invasive Salmonella disease in sub-Saharan Africa are currently limited, thus hindering the implementation of preventive measures. The Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program (TSAP) was established by the International Vaccine Institute to obtain comparable incidence data on typhoid fever and invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease in sub-Saharan Africa through standardized surveillance in multiple countries. Methods. Standardized procedures were developed and deployed across sites for study site selection, patient enrolment, laboratory procedures, quality control and quality assurance, assessment of healthcare utilization and incidence calculations. Results. Passive surveillance for bloodstream infections among febrile patients was initiated at thirteen sentinel sites in ten countries (Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Madagascar, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania). Each TSAP site conducted case detection using these standardized methods to isolate and identify aerobic bacteria from the bloodstream of febrile patients. Healthcare utilization surveys were conducted to adjust population denominators in incidence calculations for differing healthcare utilization patterns and improve comparability of incidence rates across sites. Conclusions. By providing standardized data on the incidence of typhoid fever and iNTS disease in sub-Saharan Africa, TSAP will provide vital input for targeted typhoid fever prevention programs.
AB - Background. New immunization programs are dependent on data from surveillance networks and disease burden estimates to prioritize target areas and risk groups. Data regarding invasive Salmonella disease in sub-Saharan Africa are currently limited, thus hindering the implementation of preventive measures. The Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program (TSAP) was established by the International Vaccine Institute to obtain comparable incidence data on typhoid fever and invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease in sub-Saharan Africa through standardized surveillance in multiple countries. Methods. Standardized procedures were developed and deployed across sites for study site selection, patient enrolment, laboratory procedures, quality control and quality assurance, assessment of healthcare utilization and incidence calculations. Results. Passive surveillance for bloodstream infections among febrile patients was initiated at thirteen sentinel sites in ten countries (Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Madagascar, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania). Each TSAP site conducted case detection using these standardized methods to isolate and identify aerobic bacteria from the bloodstream of febrile patients. Healthcare utilization surveys were conducted to adjust population denominators in incidence calculations for differing healthcare utilization patterns and improve comparability of incidence rates across sites. Conclusions. By providing standardized data on the incidence of typhoid fever and iNTS disease in sub-Saharan Africa, TSAP will provide vital input for targeted typhoid fever prevention programs.
KW - Africa
KW - invasive Salmonella disease
KW - methodology
KW - surveillance
KW - typhoid fever
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U2 - 10.1093/cid/civ693
DO - 10.1093/cid/civ693
M3 - Article
C2 - 26933028
AN - SCOPUS:84959922952
SN - 1058-4838
VL - 62
SP - s9-s16
JO - Clinical Infectious Diseases
JF - Clinical Infectious Diseases
ER -