TY - JOUR
T1 - The mediating roles of the oral microbiome in saliva and subgingival sites between e-cigarette smoking and gingival inflammation
AU - Park, Bongsoo
AU - Koh, Hyunwook
AU - Patatanian, Michael
AU - Reyes-Caballero, Hermes
AU - Zhao, Ni
AU - Meinert, Jill
AU - Holbrook, Janet T.
AU - Leinbach, Leah I.
AU - Biswal, Shyam
N1 - Funding Information:
SB was supported by the National Institutes of Health grant (R01DE026031), and HK was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (2021R1C1C1013861).
Funding Information:
We are grateful to assistance from Johns Hopkins DNA/Sequencing genomics core members, especially to David Mohr for sequencing datasets. Library prep and Illumina sequencing were conducted at the Genetic Resources Core Facility, Johns Hopkins Institute of Genetic Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2023, The Author(s).
PY - 2023/12
Y1 - 2023/12
N2 - Background: Electronic cigarettes (ECs) have been widely used by young individuals in the U.S. while being considered less harmful than conventional tobacco cigarettes. However, ECs have increasingly been regarded as a health risk, producing detrimental chemicals that may cause, combined with poor oral hygiene, substantial inflammation in gingival and subgingival sites. In this paper, we first report that EC smoking significantly increases the odds of gingival inflammation. Then, through mediation analysis, we seek to identify and explain the mechanism that underlies the relationship between EC smoking and gingival inflammation via the oral microbiome. Methods: We collected saliva and subgingival samples from 75 EC users and 75 non-users between 18 and 34 years in age and profiled their microbial compositions via 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. We conducted raw sequence data processing, denoising and taxonomic annotations using QIIME2 based on the expanded human oral microbiome database (eHOMD). We then created functional annotations (i.e., KEGG pathways) using PICRUSt2. Results: We found significant increases in α-diversity for EC users and disparities in β-diversity between EC users and non-users. We also found significant disparities between EC users and non-users in the relative abundance of 36 microbial taxa in the saliva site and 71 microbial taxa in the subgingival site. Finally, we found that 1 microbial taxon in the saliva site and 18 microbial taxa in the subgingival site significantly mediated the effects of EC smoking on gingival inflammation. The mediators on the genus level, for example, include Actinomyces, Rothia, Neisseria, and Enterococcus in the subgingival site. In addition, we report significant disparities between EC users and non-users in the relative abundance of 71 KEGG pathways in the subgingival site. Conclusions: These findings reveal that continued EC use can further increase microbial dysbiosis that may lead to periodontal disease. Our findings also suggest that continued surveillance for the effect of ECs on the oral microbiome and its transmission to oral diseases is needed.
AB - Background: Electronic cigarettes (ECs) have been widely used by young individuals in the U.S. while being considered less harmful than conventional tobacco cigarettes. However, ECs have increasingly been regarded as a health risk, producing detrimental chemicals that may cause, combined with poor oral hygiene, substantial inflammation in gingival and subgingival sites. In this paper, we first report that EC smoking significantly increases the odds of gingival inflammation. Then, through mediation analysis, we seek to identify and explain the mechanism that underlies the relationship between EC smoking and gingival inflammation via the oral microbiome. Methods: We collected saliva and subgingival samples from 75 EC users and 75 non-users between 18 and 34 years in age and profiled their microbial compositions via 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. We conducted raw sequence data processing, denoising and taxonomic annotations using QIIME2 based on the expanded human oral microbiome database (eHOMD). We then created functional annotations (i.e., KEGG pathways) using PICRUSt2. Results: We found significant increases in α-diversity for EC users and disparities in β-diversity between EC users and non-users. We also found significant disparities between EC users and non-users in the relative abundance of 36 microbial taxa in the saliva site and 71 microbial taxa in the subgingival site. Finally, we found that 1 microbial taxon in the saliva site and 18 microbial taxa in the subgingival site significantly mediated the effects of EC smoking on gingival inflammation. The mediators on the genus level, for example, include Actinomyces, Rothia, Neisseria, and Enterococcus in the subgingival site. In addition, we report significant disparities between EC users and non-users in the relative abundance of 71 KEGG pathways in the subgingival site. Conclusions: These findings reveal that continued EC use can further increase microbial dysbiosis that may lead to periodontal disease. Our findings also suggest that continued surveillance for the effect of ECs on the oral microbiome and its transmission to oral diseases is needed.
KW - Electronic cigarette
KW - Gingival inflammation
KW - Oral microbiome
KW - Periodontal disease
KW - Saliva microbiome
KW - Subgingival microbiome
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U2 - 10.1186/s12866-023-02779-z
DO - 10.1186/s12866-023-02779-z
M3 - Article
C2 - 36732713
AN - SCOPUS:85147319114
SN - 1471-2180
VL - 23
JO - BMC Microbiology
JF - BMC Microbiology
IS - 1
M1 - 35
ER -