The Epidemiology of Social Isolation and Loneliness among Family and Unpaid Caregivers of Older Adults: Findings from the National Study of Caregiving

Objectives Older adults and their family and unpaid caregivers are at risk of social isolation and loneliness, leading to adverse health outcomes. We investigated the prevalence and correlates of social isolation and loneliness among caregivers of older Medicare beneficiaries. Methods Our sample included 2,174 caregivers from the National Study of Caregiving IV Round 12 linked with the National Health and Aging Trends Study Round 12, representing approximately 23.9 million caregivers. Informed by stress and coping theories, we estimated the prevalence of and examined correlates of social isolation and loneliness using logistic regression including caregiver, care recipient, and shared characteristics. All analyses were weighted to yield population estimates. Results About 12% of caregivers (2.8 million) were socially isolated and 27% (6.3 million) were lonely. Being male, unmarried/uncoupled, in poor/fair health, caring for a spouse/partner, and caring for an older adult with dementia was associated with social isolation. Being unmarried/uncoupled and in poor/fair health was also associated with loneliness. Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic caregivers were less likely to be lonely than non-Hispanic White caregivers. Discussion This study provides new population-based insights into the prevalence and distinct correlates of social isolation and loneliness among family and unpaid caregivers of older adults. Given the essential roles of caregivers in long-term care for aging populations, it is critical to understand the complexities of social isolation and loneliness experienced by caregivers. Enhancing social connection and support for caregivers, particularly those at high risk, is important as our understanding of the burden of isolation and loneliness expands.