The Development and Validation of Novel 3-Dimensional Models for Simulation Training in Sinonasal and Skull Base Surgery

Introduction: As the demand for otolaryngologists increases, there is a need to address workforce and training challenges. Technological advancements, such as high-fidelity 3-dimensional (3D) simulations, may help train the future workforce—particularly for conditions with limited exposure, such as sinonasal and skull base cancers. Aims: This study aimed to develop and validate a high-fidelity head and neck model, created using proprietary 3D printing technology, to simulate sinonasal and skull base surgery. Methodology: The sinonasal and skull base models were designed and produced using proprietary 3D printing technology (Fusetec). 3D printed models were incorporated into a 2-day dissection course. Surveys were completed by delegates and faculty on the course, with delegates having their surgical performance assessed using the Objective Structures Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS). Results: A total of 21 delegates and 10 faculty had utilized the 3D printed models for sinonasal and skull base surgery training. Overall, 71.4% of delegates (n = 15) and 70.0% (n = 7) of faculty rated the realism of the models as very good/excellent. The mean pre course OSATS score was 22.57/40 (SD ±6.88) and the post course OSATS score was seen to be 25.7/40 (SD ±4.70; P <.0001). The total confidence reported by delegates prior to the course was 25.8/45 (SD ±7.00) and following the course the self-reported confidence was 33.6/45 (SD ±3.62; P <.001). Conclusion: This study developed and validated a novel 3D model for simulating sinonasal and skull base surgery, which improved surgical performance amongst participants. This offers a potential training solution to address workforce challenges in Otolaryngology.