TY - JOUR
T1 - Target optimization in transcranial direct current stimulation
AU - Sadleir, Rosalind J.
AU - Vannorsdall, Tracy D.
AU - Schretlen, David J.
AU - Gordon, Barry
PY - 2012
Y1 - 2012
N2 - Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an emerging neuromodulation therapy that has been experimentally determined to affect a wide range of behaviors and diseases ranging from motor, cognitive, and memory processes to depression and pain syndromes. The effects of tDCS may be inhibitory or excitatory, depending on the relative polarities of electrodes and their proximity to different brain structures. This distinction is believed to relate to the interaction of current flow with activation thresholds of different neural complexes. tDCS currents are typically applied via a single pair of large electrodes, with one (the active electrode) sited close to brain structures associated with targeted processes.To efficiently direct current toward the areas presumed related to these effects, we devised a method of steering current toward a selected area by reference to a 19-electrode montage applied to a highresolution finite element model of the head. We used a nonlinear optimization procedure to maximize mean current densities inside the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), while simultaneously restricting overall current, and median current densities within the accumbens. We found that a distributed current pattern could be found that would indeed direct current toward the IFG in this way, and compared it to other candidate 2-electrode configurations. Further, we found a combination of four anteriorposterior electrodes could direct current densities to the accumbens.We conclude that a similar method using multiple electrodes may be a useful means of directing current toward or away from specific brain regions and also of reducing tDCS side effects.
AB - Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an emerging neuromodulation therapy that has been experimentally determined to affect a wide range of behaviors and diseases ranging from motor, cognitive, and memory processes to depression and pain syndromes. The effects of tDCS may be inhibitory or excitatory, depending on the relative polarities of electrodes and their proximity to different brain structures. This distinction is believed to relate to the interaction of current flow with activation thresholds of different neural complexes. tDCS currents are typically applied via a single pair of large electrodes, with one (the active electrode) sited close to brain structures associated with targeted processes.To efficiently direct current toward the areas presumed related to these effects, we devised a method of steering current toward a selected area by reference to a 19-electrode montage applied to a highresolution finite element model of the head. We used a nonlinear optimization procedure to maximize mean current densities inside the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), while simultaneously restricting overall current, and median current densities within the accumbens. We found that a distributed current pattern could be found that would indeed direct current toward the IFG in this way, and compared it to other candidate 2-electrode configurations. Further, we found a combination of four anteriorposterior electrodes could direct current densities to the accumbens.We conclude that a similar method using multiple electrodes may be a useful means of directing current toward or away from specific brain regions and also of reducing tDCS side effects.
KW - Finite element model
KW - Neuroplasticity
KW - Optimization
KW - tDCS
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U2 - 10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00090
DO - 10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00090
M3 - Article
C2 - 23087654
AN - SCOPUS:84870758577
SN - 1664-0640
VL - 3
JO - Frontiers in Psychiatry
JF - Frontiers in Psychiatry
IS - OCT
M1 - Article 90
ER -