Softening Hard Water Using High Frequency Spark Plasma Discharge

Talie Zarei; Shahriar Mirpour; Hamed Nikmaram; Mahmood Ghoranneviss; Sahar Mirpour; Davoud Dorranian

doi:10.1007/s11090-016-9762-x

Softening Hard Water Using High Frequency Spark Plasma Discharge

Talie Zarei, Shahriar Mirpour, Hamed Nikmaram, Mahmood Ghoranneviss, Sahar Mirpour, Davoud Dorranian

School of Medicine

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

2 Scopus citations

Abstract

Effects of high frequency spark plasma discharge as a time efficiency method in order to softening the natural hard water has been investigated experimentally. A very hard water sample with 331 ± 19 mg/l of CaCO₃ hardness was used. The current and voltage of each spike was about 9.6 A and 3.5 kV respectively at 16 kHz frequency with 35 μs pulse width. Hard water was treated for 2, 4, 6, and 8 min. The concentration of CaCO₃, Ca²⁺ ions, Mg²⁺ ions and pH as well as water conductivity was controlled before and after treatment. The concentration of CaCO₃ dropped by 70%, after 8 min treatment. During the treatment, the pH had a fluctuation about 1.5 and finally remained in neutral state. Also the elemental composition, crystalline structure and morphology of the precipitates were identified. Molecular dynamics simulation revealed that the ozone and hydroxyl play important roles in the softening of the hard water.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	99-114
Number of pages	16
Journal	Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing
Volume	37
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s11090-016-9762-x
State	Published - Jan 1 2017

Keywords

Calcium
Hard water
High frequency spark plasma
Magnesium
Precipitation

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Chemistry(all)
Chemical Engineering(all)
Condensed Matter Physics
Surfaces, Coatings and Films

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10.1007/s11090-016-9762-x

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title = "Softening Hard Water Using High Frequency Spark Plasma Discharge",

abstract = "Effects of high frequency spark plasma discharge as a time efficiency method in order to softening the natural hard water has been investigated experimentally. A very hard water sample with 331 ± 19 mg/l of CaCO3 hardness was used. The current and voltage of each spike was about 9.6 A and 3.5 kV respectively at 16 kHz frequency with 35 μs pulse width. Hard water was treated for 2, 4, 6, and 8 min. The concentration of CaCO3, Ca2+ ions, Mg2+ ions and pH as well as water conductivity was controlled before and after treatment. The concentration of CaCO3 dropped by 70%, after 8 min treatment. During the treatment, the pH had a fluctuation about 1.5 and finally remained in neutral state. Also the elemental composition, crystalline structure and morphology of the precipitates were identified. Molecular dynamics simulation revealed that the ozone and hydroxyl play important roles in the softening of the hard water.",

keywords = "Calcium, Hard water, High frequency spark plasma, Magnesium, Precipitation",

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doi = "10.1007/s11090-016-9762-x",

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AU - Zarei, Talie

AU - Mirpour, Shahriar

AU - Nikmaram, Hamed

AU - Ghoranneviss, Mahmood

AU - Mirpour, Sahar

AU - Dorranian, Davoud

PY - 2017/1/1

Y1 - 2017/1/1

N2 - Effects of high frequency spark plasma discharge as a time efficiency method in order to softening the natural hard water has been investigated experimentally. A very hard water sample with 331 ± 19 mg/l of CaCO3 hardness was used. The current and voltage of each spike was about 9.6 A and 3.5 kV respectively at 16 kHz frequency with 35 μs pulse width. Hard water was treated for 2, 4, 6, and 8 min. The concentration of CaCO3, Ca2+ ions, Mg2+ ions and pH as well as water conductivity was controlled before and after treatment. The concentration of CaCO3 dropped by 70%, after 8 min treatment. During the treatment, the pH had a fluctuation about 1.5 and finally remained in neutral state. Also the elemental composition, crystalline structure and morphology of the precipitates were identified. Molecular dynamics simulation revealed that the ozone and hydroxyl play important roles in the softening of the hard water.

AB - Effects of high frequency spark plasma discharge as a time efficiency method in order to softening the natural hard water has been investigated experimentally. A very hard water sample with 331 ± 19 mg/l of CaCO3 hardness was used. The current and voltage of each spike was about 9.6 A and 3.5 kV respectively at 16 kHz frequency with 35 μs pulse width. Hard water was treated for 2, 4, 6, and 8 min. The concentration of CaCO3, Ca2+ ions, Mg2+ ions and pH as well as water conductivity was controlled before and after treatment. The concentration of CaCO3 dropped by 70%, after 8 min treatment. During the treatment, the pH had a fluctuation about 1.5 and finally remained in neutral state. Also the elemental composition, crystalline structure and morphology of the precipitates were identified. Molecular dynamics simulation revealed that the ozone and hydroxyl play important roles in the softening of the hard water.

KW - Calcium

KW - Hard water

KW - High frequency spark plasma

KW - Magnesium

KW - Precipitation

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ER -

Softening Hard Water Using High Frequency Spark Plasma Discharge

Abstract

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

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