@article{58dbef482680459c816069b4880d193d,
title = "Smoking and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Comparison of China, India, and the USA",
abstract = "Background: Cigarette smoking is thought to increase the risk of Crohn{\textquoteright}s disease (CD) and exacerbate the disease course, with opposite roles in ulcerative colitis (UC). However, these findings are from Western populations, and the association between smoking and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has not been well studied in Asia. Aims: We aimed to compare the prevalence of smoking at diagnosis between IBD cases and controls recruited in China, India, and the USA, and to investigate the impact of smoking on disease outcomes. Methods: We recruited IBD cases and controls between 2014 and 2018. All participants completed a questionnaire about demographic characteristics, environmental risk factors and IBD history. Results: We recruited 337 participants from China, 194 from India, and 645 from the USA. In China, CD cases were less likely than controls to be current smokers (adjusted odds ratio [95% CI] 0.4 [0.2–0.9]). There was no association between current or former smoking and CD in the USA. In China and the USA, UC cases were more likely to be former smokers than controls (China 14.6 [3.3–64.8]; USA 1.8 [1.0–3.3]). In India, both CD and UC had similar current smoking status to controls at diagnosis. Current smoking at diagnosis was significantly associated with greater use of immunosuppressants (4.4 [1.1–18.1]) in CD cases in China. Conclusions: We found heterogeneity in the associations of smoking and IBD risk and outcomes between China, India, and the USA. Further study with more adequate sample size and more uniform definition of smoking status is warranted.",
keywords = "Asia, Crohn{\textquoteright}s disease, Environment, Smoking, Ulcerative colitis",
author = "Peiqi Wang and Jun Hu and Shadi Ghadermarzi and Ali Raza and Douglas O{\textquoteright}Connell and Amy Xiao and Faraz Ayyaz and Min Zhi and Yuanqi Zhang and Parekh, {Nimisha K.} and Mark Lazarev and Alyssa Parian and Brant, {Steven R} and Marshall Bedine and Brindusa Truta and Pinjin Hu and Rupa Banerjee and Hutfless, {Susan M.}",
note = "Funding Information: We acknowledge ResearchMatch.org. Part of the recruitment for the study included was done via ResearchMatch, a national health volunteer registry that was created by several academic institutions and supported by the United States National Institutes of Health as part of the Clinical Translational Science Award (CTSA) program. ResearchMatch has a large population of volunteers who have consented to be contacted by researchers about health studies for which they may be eligible. We also acknowledge Girish Ganesh and Kavitha Medaboina for their help in recruiting participants at Asian Institute of Gastroenterology in Hyderabad, India. We acknowledge the grant support from Sun Yat-sen University Clinical Research 5010 Program (2014008), Ludwig-Bayless Science Award, and the Johns Hopkins Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (ICTR) which is funded in part by Grant Number UL1 TR 001079 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and NIH Roadmap for Medical Research. The contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official view of the Johns Hopkins ICTR, NCATS, or NIH. No authors have conflict of interest with relation to this study. Funding Information: Acknowledgments We acknowledge ResearchMatch.org. Part of the recruitment for the study included was done via ResearchMatch, a national health volunteer registry that was created by several academic institutions and supported by the United States National Institutes of Health as part of the Clinical Translational Science Award (CTSA) program. ResearchMatch has a large population of volunteers who have consented to be contacted by researchers about health studies for which they may be eligible. We also acknowledge Girish Ganesh and Kavitha Medaboina for their help in recruiting participants at Asian Institute of Gastroenterology in Hyderabad, India. We acknowledge the grant support from Sun Yat-sen University Clinical Research 5010 Program (2014008), Ludwig-Bayless Science Award, and the Johns Hopkins Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (ICTR) which is funded in part by Grant Number UL1 TR 001079 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and NIH Roadmap for Medical Research. The contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official view of the Johns Hopkins ICTR, NCATS, or NIH. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.",
year = "2018",
month = oct,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1007/s10620-018-5142-0",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "63",
pages = "2703--2713",
journal = "Digestive diseases and sciences",
issn = "0163-2116",
publisher = "Plenum Publishers",
number = "10",
}