@article{fc530b5755334b22bfed322cb94da01a,
title = "Short- and long-term prediction of clinical and subclinical atherosclerosis by traditional risk factors",
abstract = "This study compares the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of cardiovascular risk factors with clinical coronary heart disease (CHD) and with subclinical carotid atherosclerosis measured by ultrasound. The study population were 1410 participants in the Atherosclerotic Risk in Community (ARIC) Study (1987-1989) who also participated in a 1974 community health survey. Smoking in 1974 was associated with increased CHD prevalence in 1987-1989 (adjusted prevalence ratio = 2.2), whereas the corresponding cross-sectional association was practically absent. For hypercholesterolemia and hypertension, the longitudinal associations with CHD were also stronger than the cross-sectional associations. In contrast, the strength of the longitudinal and cross-sectional associations with carotid atherosclerosis was generally similar. These results underscore the advantages of using subclinical measures of atherosclerosis in cross-sectional studies. In addition, they suggest that the presence of smoking, hypertension, or hypercholesterolemia in mid-adulthood may have some persisting effects on the development of atherosclerotic disease in later life. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc.",
keywords = "Atherosclerosis, Bias (epidemiology), Cholesterol, Coronary disease, Hypertension, Smoking",
author = "Nieto, {F. Javier} and Ana Diez-Roux and Moyses Szklo and Comstock, {George W.} and Sharrett, {Albert Richey}",
note = "Funding Information: The ARIC Study is carried out as a collaborative study supported by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (contracts N01-HC-55015, N01-HC-55016, N01-HC-55018, N01-HC-55019, 01-HC-55020, N01-HC-55021, and N01-HC-55022). G. W. Comstock is supported in part by a Career Research Award (HL-21670). The Washington County serum bank is supported by a research grant from the National Cancer Institute (CA 47503). We thank L. W. Chambless for his assistance in obtaining adjusted prevalence ratios and their confidence limits, as well as H. A. Tyroler, Pankow, and A. Folsom for their comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. We also thank Linda Schramm and Sandra C. Hoffman at the Johns Hopkins Training Center for Public Health Research, Hagerstown, Maryland, for their help in managing and handling the serum samples. The Washington County clinical center, central laboratories, and the ultrasound reading center of the ARIC Cooperative Group, their institutions, co-investigators, and principal staff who contributed to this report are as follows: The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland: Lilly Downs, Pam Grove, Sunny Harrell, and Patricia Hawbaker; University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas: Valerie Stinson, Pam Pfile, Hoang Pham, and Teri Trevino; The Methodist Hospital, Atherosclerosis Clinical Laboratory, Houston, Texas: Wanda R. Alexander, Doris J. Harper, Charles E. Rhodes, and Selma M. Soyal; Bowman-Gray School of Medicine, Ultrasound Reading Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina: Anne Safrit, Melanie Wilder, Linda Allred, and Carolyn Bell; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Coordinating Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina: Joy Rollins, Debbie Rubin-Williams, Patsy Tacker, and Lily Wang. ",
year = "1999",
month = jun,
doi = "10.1016/S0895-4356(99)00030-X",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "52",
pages = "559--567",
journal = "Journal of Clinical Epidemiology",
issn = "0895-4356",
publisher = "Elsevier USA",
number = "6",
}