@article{c1859499fadd490d862b786867b6e153,
title = "Sex-based differences in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reservoir activity and residual immune activation",
abstract = "Plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA levels in women are lower early in untreated HIV-1 infection compared with those in men, but women have higher T-cell activation and faster disease progression when adjusted for viral load. It is not known whether these sex differences persist during effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), or whether they would be relevant for the evaluation and implementation of HIV-1 cure strategies. We prospectively enrolled a cohort of reproductive-aged women and matched men on suppressive ART and measured markers of HIV-1 persistence, residual virus activity, and immune activation. The frequency of CD4+ T cells harboring HIV-1 DNA was comparable between the sexes, but there was higher cell-associated HIV-1 RNA, higher plasma HIV-1 (single copy assay), and higher T-cell activation and PD-1 expression in men compared with women. These sex-related differences in immune phenotype and HIV-1 persistence on ART have significant implications for the design and measurement of curative interventions.",
keywords = "Cure, HIV-1, Immune activation, Reservoir, Sex differences",
author = "Scully, {Eileen P.} and Monica Gandhi and Rowena Johnston and Rebecca Hoh and Ainsley Lockhart and Curtis Dobrowolski and Am{\'e}lie Pagliuzza and Milush, {Jeffrey M.} and Baker, {Christopher A.} and Valerie Girling and Arlvin Ellefson and Robert Gorelick and Jeffrey Lifson and Marcus Altfeld and Galit Alter and Marcelle Cedars and Ajantha Solomon and Lewin, {Sharon R.} and Jonathan Karn and Nicolas Chomont and Peter Bacchetti and Deeks, {Steven G.}",
note = "Funding Information: Disclaimer. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of Health and Human Services, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the US government. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Financial support. This work was supported by the amfAR Research Consortium on HIV Eradication (grant numbers 108842-55-RGRL to E. P. S., S. G. D., N. C., and M. G. and 108841-55-RGRL to J. K.). E. P. S. is supported by a grant from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases doi.org/10.13039/100000060 (award number K08AI116344) with additional support for this work from a Johns Hopkins University Catalyst Award. This work was also supported by the Delaney AIDS Research Enterprise (grant number AI096109); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (grant number K24 AI069994); the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)/Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology Center for AIDS Research (CFAR) (grant number P30 AI027763); the Case Western Reserve University/ University Hospitals CFAR (grant number P30 AI36219); the NIH/National Center for Research Resources UCSF Clinical and Translational Science Institute (grant number UL 1 TR000004); and the CFAR Network of Integrated Systems (grant number R24 AI067039). This work was also supported in part with federal funds from the National Cancer Institute, NIH (contract number HHSN261200800001E to R. J. G. and J. D. L.). S. R. L. is a National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia practitioner fellow. Funding Information: This work was supported by the amfAR Research Consortium on HIV Eradication (grant numbers 108842-55-RGRL to E. P. S., S. G. D., N. C., and M. G. and 108841-55-RGRL to J. K.). E. P. S. is supported by a grant from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases doi.org/10.13039/100000060 (award number K08AI116344) with additional support for this work from a Johns Hopkins University Catalyst Award. This work was also supported by the Delaney AIDS Research Enterprise (grant number AI096109); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (grant number K24 AI069994); the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)/Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology Center for AIDS Research (CFAR) (grant number P30 AI027763); the Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals CFAR (grant number P30 AI36219); the NIH/National Center for Research Resources UCSF Clinical and Translational Science Institute (grant number UL 1 TR000004); and the CFAR Network of Integrated Systems (grant number R24 AI067039). This work was also supported in part with federal funds from the National Cancer Institute, NIH (contract number HHSN261200800001E to R. J. G. and J. D. L.). S. R. L. is a National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia practitioner fellow. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.",
year = "2019",
month = mar,
day = "15",
doi = "10.1093/infdis/jiy617",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "219",
pages = "1084--1094",
journal = "Journal of Infectious Diseases",
issn = "0022-1899",
publisher = "Oxford University Press",
number = "7",
}