TY - JOUR
T1 - Scaling Up Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports
T2 - Costs and Their Distribution Across State, Districts, and Schools
AU - Lindstrom Johnson, Sarah
AU - Alfonso, Y. Natalia
AU - Pas, Elise T.
AU - Debnam, Katrina J.
AU - Bradshaw, Catherine P.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 National Association of School Psychologists.
PY - 2020
Y1 - 2020
N2 - Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) is a widely used multitiered prevention framework that embeds a systems approach for establishing behavioral supports for all students, across all levels of need, to achieve social, behavioral, and academic success. A growing body of research has documented the effectiveness of PBIS in schools with regard to a range of student outcomes; however, few studies have rigorously examined the costs to implement PBIS. Further, as many states have scaled up PBIS, consideration of the costs borne by different organizational structures is critical for understanding PBIS implementation fidelity and sustainability. This study utilized an ingredients-based costing approach capitalizing on both qualitative and quantitative data from multiple stakeholders to examine the total societal costs to implement multiple tiers of PBIS. Also examined were the distribution of costs across the school, district, and state levels using the same ingredients-based costing approach. Findings suggest an annual cost of $48.16 per student, the bulk of which occurs at the school level (average cost $27,363 per year).
AB - Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) is a widely used multitiered prevention framework that embeds a systems approach for establishing behavioral supports for all students, across all levels of need, to achieve social, behavioral, and academic success. A growing body of research has documented the effectiveness of PBIS in schools with regard to a range of student outcomes; however, few studies have rigorously examined the costs to implement PBIS. Further, as many states have scaled up PBIS, consideration of the costs borne by different organizational structures is critical for understanding PBIS implementation fidelity and sustainability. This study utilized an ingredients-based costing approach capitalizing on both qualitative and quantitative data from multiple stakeholders to examine the total societal costs to implement multiple tiers of PBIS. Also examined were the distribution of costs across the school, district, and state levels using the same ingredients-based costing approach. Findings suggest an annual cost of $48.16 per student, the bulk of which occurs at the school level (average cost $27,363 per year).
KW - behavioral health
KW - cost analysis
KW - implementation fidelity
KW - sustainability
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85098533400&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85098533400&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1080/2372966X.2020.1777831
DO - 10.1080/2372966X.2020.1777831
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85098533400
SN - 0279-6015
VL - 49
SP - 399
EP - 414
JO - School Psychology Review
JF - School Psychology Review
IS - 4
ER -