Robotics in spine surgery and spine surgery training

The increasing interest and advancements in robotic spine surgery parallels a growing emphasis on maximizing patient safety and outcomes. In addition, an increasing interest in minimally invasive spine surgery has further fueled robotic development, as robotic guidance systems are aptly suited for these procedures. This review aims to address 3 of the most critical aspects of robotics in spine surgery today: salient details regarding the current and future development of robotic systems and functionalities, the reported accuracy of implant placement over the years, and how the implementation of robotic systems will impact the training of future generations of spine surgeons. As current systems establish themselves as highly accurate tools for implant placement, the development of novel features, including even robotic-assisted decompression, will likely occur. As spine surgery robots evolve and become increasingly adopted, it is likely that resident and fellow education will follow suit, leading to unique opportunities for both established surgeons and trainees.