Risk factors associated with typhoid fever in children aged 2-16 years in Karachi, Pakistan

M. I. Khan, R. L. Ochiai, S. B. Soofi, L. Von-Seidlein, M. J. Khan, S. M. Sahito, M. A. Habib, M. K. Puri, J. K. Park, Y. A. You, M. Ali, S. Q. Nizami, C. J. Acosta, R. Bradley-Sack, J. D. Clemens, Z. A. Bhutta

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

17 Scopus citations

Abstract

We analysed the data from the control group in a typhoid vaccine trial in Karachi to assess the differences in individual-, household- and cluster-level characteristics for developing typhoid fever. The annual incidence of typhoid in children aged 2-16 years in the control arm of the vaccine trial was 151/100 000 population. After adjustment, the risk of typhoid was lower with increasing age [risk ratio (RR) 0•89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0•83-0•95], was higher with an increase in population density (RR 1•13, 95% CI 1•05-1•21) and was lower in the households using a safe drinking-water source (RR 0•63, 95% CI 0•41-0•99). Typhoid fever affects younger children living in areas of high population density and lack of access to safe water in Pakistan. A combination of environmental and biological interventions is required to prevent the continued epidemiological and economic impact of typhoid fever in high-risk areas of Pakistan.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)665-672
Number of pages8
JournalEpidemiology and infection
Volume140
Issue number4
DOIs
StatePublished - Apr 2012
Externally publishedYes

Keywords

  • Enteric bacteria
  • Salmonella Typhi
  • epidemiology
  • infectious disease epidemiology
  • risk assessment

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Epidemiology
  • Infectious Diseases

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