@article{5310a793b43e442fb5c2272c510b8020,
title = "Return on investment from immunization against 10 pathogens in 94 low-and middle-income countries, 2011–30",
abstract = "Estimating the value of global investment in immunization programs is critical to helping decision makers plan and mobilize immunization programs and allocate resources required to realize their full benefits. We estimated economic benefits using cost-of-illness and value-of-a-statistical-life approaches and combined this estimation with immunization program costs to derive the return on investment from immunization programs against ten pathogens for ninety-four low-and middle-income countries for the period 2011–30. Using the cost-of-illness approach, return on investment for one dollar invested in immunization against our ten pathogens was 26.1 for the ninety-four countries from 2011 to 2020 and 19.8 from 2021 to 2030. Using the value-of-a-statistical-life approach, return on investment was 51.0 from 2011 to 2020 and 52.2 from 2021 to 2030. The results demonstrate continued high return on investment from immunization programs. The return-on-investment estimates from this study will inform country policy makers and decision makers in funding agencies and will contribute to efforts to mobilize resources for immunization. Realization of the full benefits of immunization will depend on sustained investment in and commitment to immunization programs.",
author = "Sim, {So Yoon} and Elizabeth Watts and Dagna Constenla and Logan Brenzel and Patenaud, {Bryan N.}",
note = "Funding Information: This study was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (Grant No. OPP1128214). Bryan Patenaude has received research funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the World Health Organization. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The authors are grateful for the contributions from the Decade of Vaccines (DOVE) Core Advisory Group members for their support in collecting data inputs, technical guidance on methodology and validation of data sources, and review of preliminary results. The DOVE Core Advisory Group includes Anais Colombini, Santiago Cornejo, Dan Hogan, Hope Johnson, and Tewodaj Mengistu (Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance); Lisa Robinson and Stephane Verguet(HarvardT.H.ChanSchoolof Public Health); Joe Dieleman (Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation); Xiao Xian Huang, Raymond Hutubessy, Jeremy Lauer, Thomas O{\textquoteright}Connell, and Claudio Politi (World Health Organization); Ulla Griffiths (United Nations Children{\textquoteright}s Fund);SarahAlkenbrack(WorldBank Group); John Fitzsimmons (Pan-American Health Organization); and Emily Dansereau (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation). The authors also thank the Vaccine Impact Modelling Consortium for model inputs and supplementary data (Neil Ferguson, Tini Garske, Kim Woodruff,XiangLi),aswellasseveral people from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health for their assistance with data extraction and validation (Shuoning Huang, Salin Sriudomporn). So Yoon Sim and Elizabeth Watts contributed equally to this work. Sim and Watts managed the project, collected data, conducted the analysis, and drafted the manuscript. Dagna Constenla and Logan Brenzel conceptualized and designed the study. Constenla oversaw data collection and initial analysis, and Patenaude oversaw update of key methodologies, analysis, and manuscript writing. All authors provided feedback during the design and execution of the project, critically reviewed the analysis, and contributed revisions to the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted. This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon this work, for commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited. See https://creative commons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Funding Information: This study was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (Grant No. OPP1128214). Bryan Patenaude has received research funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the World Health Organization. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The authors are grateful for the contributions from the Decade of Vaccines (DOVE) Core Advisory Group members for their support in collecting data inputs, technical guidance on methodology and validation of data sources, and review of preliminary results. The DOVE Core Advisory Group includes Anais Colombini, Santiago Cornejo, Dan Hogan, Hope Johnson, and Tewodaj Mengistu (Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance); Lisa Robinson and Stephane Verguet (Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health); Joe Dieleman (Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation); Xiao Xian Huang, Raymond Hutubessy, Jeremy Lauer, Thomas O{\textquoteright}Connell, and Claudio Politi (World Health Organization); Ulla Griffiths (United Nations Children{\textquoteright}s Fund); Sarah Alkenbrack (World Bank Group); John Fitzsimmons (Pan-American Health Organization); and Emily Dansereau (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation). The authors also thank the Vaccine Impact Modelling Consortium for model inputs and supplementary data (Neil Ferguson, Tini Garske, Kim Woodruff, Xiang Li), as well as several people from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health for their assistance with data extraction and validation (Shuoning Huang, Salin Sriudomporn). So Yoon Sim and Elizabeth Watts contributed equally to this work. Sim and Watts managed the project, collected data, conducted the analysis, and drafted the manuscript. Dagna Constenla and Logan Brenzel conceptualized and designed the study. Constenla oversaw data collection and initial analysis, and Patenaude oversaw update of key methodologies, analysis, and manuscript writing. All authors provided feedback during the design and execution of the project, critically reviewed the analysis, and contributed revisions to the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted. This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon this work, for commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited. See https://creative commons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020, Project HOPE. All rights reserved.",
year = "2020",
month = aug,
doi = "10.1377/hlthaff.2020.00103",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "39",
pages = "1343--1353",
journal = "Health Affairs",
issn = "0278-2715",
publisher = "Project Hope",
number = "8",
}