Recovery kinetics of creatine in mild plantar flexion exercise using 3D creatine CEST imaging at 7 Tesla

Purpose: Two-dimensional creatine CEST (2D-CrCEST), with a slice thickness of 10-20 mm and temporal resolution (τ_Res) of about 30 seconds, has previously been shown to capture the creatine-recovery kinetics in healthy controls and in patients with abnormal creatine-kinase kinetics following the mild plantar flexion exercise. Since the distribution of disease burden may vary across the muscle length for many musculoskeletal disorders, there is a need to increase coverage in the slice-encoding direction. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of 3D-CrCEST with τ_Res of about 30 seconds, and propose an improved voxel-wise (Formula presented.) -calibration approach for CrCEST. Methods: The current 7T study with enrollment of 5 volunteers involved collecting the baseline CrCEST imaging for the first 2 minutes, followed by 2 minutes of plantar flexion exercise and then 8 minutes of postexercise CrCEST imaging, to detect the temporal evolution of creatine concentration following exercise. Results: Very good repeatability of 3D-CrCEST findings for activated muscle groups on an intraday and interday basis was established, with coefficient of variance of creatine recovery constants (τ_Cr) being 7%-15.7%, 7.5%, and 5.8% for lateral gastrocnemius, medial gastrocnemius, and peroneus longus, respectively. We also established a good intraday and interday scan repeatability for 3D-CrCEST and also showed good correspondence between τ_Cr measurements using 2D-CrCEST and 3D-CrCEST acquisitions. Conclusion: In this study, we demonstrated for the first time the feasibility and the repeatability of the 3D-CrCEST method in calf muscle with improved (Formula presented.) correction to measure creatine-recovery kinetics within a large 3D volume of calf muscle.