Recent progress in understanding congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders

Darren T. Oystreck, Elizabeth C. Engle, Thomas M. Bosley

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review

61 Scopus citations

Abstract

BACKGROUND: In 2002, the new term congenital cranial dysinnervation disorder (CCDD) was proposed as a substitute for the traditional concept of congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles (CFEOM) based on mounting genetic, neuropathologic, and imaging evidence, suggesting that many, if not all, of these disorders result from a primary neurologic maldevelopment rather than from a muscle abnormality. This report provides an update 8 years after that original report. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Review of pertinent articles published from January 2003 until June 2010 describing CCDD variants identified under PubMed MeSH terms congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles, congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders, individual phenotypes included under the term CCDD, and congenital ocular motility disorders. RESULTS: At present, a total of 7 disease genes and 10 phenotypes fall under the CCDD umbrella. A number of additional loci and phenotypes still await gene elucidation, with the anticipation that more syndromes and genes will be identified in the future. Identification of genes and their function, along with advances in neuroimaging, have expanded our understanding of the mechanisms underlying several anomalous eye movement patterns. CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence still supports the concept that the CCDDs are primarily due to neurogenic disturbances of brainstem or cranial nerve development. Several CCDDs are now known to have nonophthalmologic associations involving neurologic, neuroanatomic, cerebrovascular, cardiovascular, and skeletal abnormalities.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)69-77
Number of pages9
JournalJournal of Neuro-Ophthalmology
Volume31
Issue number1
DOIs
StatePublished - Mar 2011
Externally publishedYes

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Ophthalmology
  • Clinical Neurology

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