TY - JOUR
T1 - Real-world treatment escalation from metformin monotherapy in youth-onset Type 2 diabetes mellitus
T2 - A retrospective cohort study
AU - Vajravelu, Mary Ellen
AU - Hitt, Talia A.
AU - Amaral, Sandra
AU - Levitt Katz, Lorraine E.
AU - Lee, Joyce M.
AU - Kelly, Andrea
N1 - Funding Information:
Caswell Diabetes Institute at the University of Michigan; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Grant/Award Numbers: R01HD074559-01-A1, R01HD091185, UH3HD087979; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Grant/Award Numbers: UL1TR000003, UL1TR001878; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Grant/Award Numbers: 1K23DK125719-01, 2P30DK089503-1, 5T32DK063688-17, 5U01DK061230, R01DK110749, R01DK115648, R01DK120886, R01DK97830
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
PY - 2021/9
Y1 - 2021/9
N2 - Background: Due to high rates of comorbidities and rapid progression, youth with Type 2 diabetes may benefit from early and aggressive treatment. However, until 2019, the only approved medications for this population were metformin and insulin. Objective: To investigate patterns and predictors of treatment escalation within 5 years of metformin monotherapy initiation for youth with Type 2 diabetes in clinical practice. Subjects: Commercially-insured patients with incident youth-onset (10–18 years) Type 2 diabetes initially treated with metformin only. Methods: Retrospective cohort study using a patient-level medical claims database with data from 2000 to 2020. Frequency and order of treatment escalation to insulin and non-insulin antihyperglycemics were determined and categorized by age at diagnosis. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate potential predictors of treatment escalation, including age, sex, race/ethnicity, comorbidities, complications, and metformin adherence (medication possession ratio ≥ 0.8). Results: The cohort included 829 (66% female; median age at diagnosis 15 years; 19% Hispanic, 17% Black) patients, with median 2.9 year follow-up after metformin initiation. One-quarter underwent treatment escalation (n = 207; 88 to insulin, 164 to non-insulin antihyperglycemic). Younger patients were more likely to have insulin prescribed prior to other antihyperglycemics. Age at diagnosis (HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.07–1.21), medication adherence (HR 4.10, 95% CI 2.96–5.67), Hispanic ethnicity (HR 1.83, 95% CI 1.28–2.61), and diabetes-related complications (HR 1.78, 95% CI 1.15–2.74) were positively associated with treatment escalation. Conclusions: In clinical practice, treatment escalation for pediatric Type 2 diabetes differs with age. Off-label use of non-insulin antihyperglycemics occurs, most commonly among older adolescents.
AB - Background: Due to high rates of comorbidities and rapid progression, youth with Type 2 diabetes may benefit from early and aggressive treatment. However, until 2019, the only approved medications for this population were metformin and insulin. Objective: To investigate patterns and predictors of treatment escalation within 5 years of metformin monotherapy initiation for youth with Type 2 diabetes in clinical practice. Subjects: Commercially-insured patients with incident youth-onset (10–18 years) Type 2 diabetes initially treated with metformin only. Methods: Retrospective cohort study using a patient-level medical claims database with data from 2000 to 2020. Frequency and order of treatment escalation to insulin and non-insulin antihyperglycemics were determined and categorized by age at diagnosis. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate potential predictors of treatment escalation, including age, sex, race/ethnicity, comorbidities, complications, and metformin adherence (medication possession ratio ≥ 0.8). Results: The cohort included 829 (66% female; median age at diagnosis 15 years; 19% Hispanic, 17% Black) patients, with median 2.9 year follow-up after metformin initiation. One-quarter underwent treatment escalation (n = 207; 88 to insulin, 164 to non-insulin antihyperglycemic). Younger patients were more likely to have insulin prescribed prior to other antihyperglycemics. Age at diagnosis (HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.07–1.21), medication adherence (HR 4.10, 95% CI 2.96–5.67), Hispanic ethnicity (HR 1.83, 95% CI 1.28–2.61), and diabetes-related complications (HR 1.78, 95% CI 1.15–2.74) were positively associated with treatment escalation. Conclusions: In clinical practice, treatment escalation for pediatric Type 2 diabetes differs with age. Off-label use of non-insulin antihyperglycemics occurs, most commonly among older adolescents.
KW - adolescent
KW - insulin
KW - medication adherence
KW - metformin
KW - type 2 diabetes mellitus
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85108956880&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85108956880&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1111/pedi.13232
DO - 10.1111/pedi.13232
M3 - Article
C2 - 33978986
AN - SCOPUS:85108956880
SN - 1399-543X
VL - 22
SP - 861
EP - 871
JO - Pediatric diabetes
JF - Pediatric diabetes
IS - 6
ER -