Prostate cancer epigenetics: From basic mechanisms to clinical implications

A level of epigenetic programming, encoded by complex sets of chemical marks onDNAand histones, and by context-specific DNA, RNA, protein interactions, that all regulate the structure, organization, and function of the genome, is critical to establish both normal and neoplastic cell identities and functions. This structure–function relationship of the genome encoded by the epigenetic programming can be thought of as an epigenetic cityscape that is built on the underlying genetic landscape. Alterations in the epigenetic cityscape of prostate cancer cells compared with normal prostate tissues have a complex interplay with genetic alterations to drive prostate cancer initiation and progression. Indeed, mutations in genes encoding epigenetic enzymes are often observed in human cancers including prostate cancer. Interestingly, alterations in the prostate cancer epigenetic cityscape can be highly recurrent, a facet that can be exploited for development of biomarkers and potentially as therapeutic targets.