@article{8171bf51cf4945898e603739fefe0aa3,
title = "Prevalence and associated factors of domestic violence among pregnant women attending routine antenatal care in Nepal",
abstract = "Aims: The primary aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of domestic violence (DV) and its associated factors among pregnant women in Nepal. The secondary aims were to investigate disclosure of DV by women to health-care personnel and to assess whether health-care personnel had asked women about their experience of DV. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 2004 pregnant women between 12 and 28 weeks of gestation attending routine antenatal care at two hospitals in Nepal from August 2014 to November 2015. In this study, DV was defined as fear of a family member and/or an experience of physical, emotional or sexual violence. Associated risk factors were analysed using logistic regression analyses. Results: Twenty-one per cent of the women had experienced DV; 12.5% experienced fear only, 3.6% violence only and 4.9% experienced both violence and fear. Less than 2% per cent reported physical violence during pregnancy. This study found that just 17.7% had ever been asked by health-care personnel about DV, and of the women who had reported DV, only 9.5% had disclosed their experience to health-care personnel. Women of young age and low socio-economic status were more likely to have experienced DV. Women who reported having their own income and the autonomy to use it were at significantly lower risk of DV compared to women with no income. Conclusions: A substantial proportion of women reported having experienced DV. Victims had rarely disclosed their experience of DV to health-care personnel. This study underlines the importance of integrating systematic assessment of DV in antenatal care.",
keywords = "Domestic violence, Nepal, antenatal care, disclosure, enquiry, pregnancy, prevalence, risk factors",
author = "{on behalf of the ADVANCE Study Group} and Poonam Rishal and Pun, {Kunta Devi} and Elisabeth Darj and Joshi, {Sunil Kumar} and Bj{\o}rngaard, {Johan H{\aa}kon} and Katarina Swahnberg and Berit Schei and Mirjam Lukasse and Infanti, {Jennifer J.} and Raghnild Lund and Campbell, {Jacquelyn C.} and Rajendra Koju and Kumudu Wihewardene and Perera, {Dinusha Chamanie} and Muzrif, {Mohamed Munas Mohamed}",
note = "Funding Information: The authors are grateful to the funders of this study, the participants, the director of Dhulikhel Hospital, the principal of Kathmandu Medical College, the gynaecology and obstetrics departments at DH and KMC and the research assistants, particularly Buna Bhandari and Shrinkhala Shrestha, for making this work possible. The Addressing Domestic Violence in Antenatal Care Environments (ADVANCE) research team includes the following research partners: At Norwegian University of Science and Technology (Norway): Berit Schei (Principal Investigator), Johan H{\aa}kon Bj{\o}rngaard, Elisabeth Darj, Jennifer J. Infanti, Raghnild Lund; at Oslo and Akershus University College (Norway): Mirjam Lukasse; at Linneaus University, Kalmar (Sweden): Katarina Swahnberg; at John Hopkins University (U.S.A.): Jacquelyn C. Campbell; at Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital (Nepal): Sunil Kumar Joshi; at Dhulikhel Hospital and Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences (Nepal): Rajendra Koju, Kunta Devi Pun; and at University of Jayewardenepura (Sri Lanka): Kumudu Wihewardene, Dinusha Chamanie Perera and Mohamed Munas Mohamed Muzrif. This project was funded by the Research Council of Norway under its Global Health and Vaccination Research (GLOBVAC) program, project number 220893: “Evaluating interventions in antenatal care to identify and assist victims of gender-based violence in Nepal and Sri Lanka.” Funding Information: 1Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway, 2Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Kathmandu University, Nepal, 3Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Olav{\textquoteright}s Hospital, Norway, 4Department of Women{\textquoteright}s and Children{\textquoteright}s Health, Uppsala University, Sweden, 5Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital, Nepal, 6Forensic Department and Research Centre Br{\"o}set, St. Olav{\textquoteright}s University Hospital, Norway, 7Department of Health and Caring Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Science, Linnaeus University, Sweden, 8Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Olav{\textquoteright}s Hospital Trondheim University Hospital, Norway, 9Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College, Norway, and 10Department of Health and Social Sciences, University College of Southeast Norway, Norway aAddressing Domestic Violence in Antenatal Care Environments (ADVANCE) is a collaborative research study funded by the Research Council of Norway from 2013–2017. The coordinating institution is the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Website: www.ntnu.edu/web/advance/home Funding Information: this project was funded by the Research council of Norway under its global health and vaccination Research (glOBvAc) program, project number 220893: “Evaluating interventions in antenatal care to identify and assist victims of gender-based violence in Nepal and Sri lanka.” Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} Author(s) 2017.",
year = "2018",
month = dec,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1177/1403494817723195",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "46",
pages = "785--793",
journal = "Scandinavian journal of public health",
issn = "1403-4948",
publisher = "SAGE Publications Ltd",
number = "8",
}