Physiological maintenance in MRI/MRS of large animals

This article summarizes the important factors and equipment necessary for performing large animal MRI and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Topics covered include the room setup, the expertise of personnel performing the MRS study including the anesthetist and associated equipment, effects of the MRS study on the animal as a patient, and precautions and considerations for performing MRS studies on animals. Species-specific anesthetic protocols for cats, dogs, rabbits, pigs, and nonhuman primates are provided. The use of contrast and other MRI/MRS agents is discussed, as well as acknowledgement of the inherent risk factors involved with performing large animal MRS studies. The proper procedures for handling an emergency during an MRS scan are reviewed. In summary, this is a primer for anyone involved in performing large animal MRS scans.