Parathyroid hormone-related protein induces G1 phase growth arrest of vascular smooth muscle cells

In this study, we investigated the mechanisms responsible for the growth-inhibitory action of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHRP) in A10 vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis of serum-stimulated VSMC treated with PTHRP or dibutyryl-cAMP (DBcAMP) demonstrated an enrichment of cells in G1 and a reduction in the S phase. Measurement of DNA synthesis in platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated VSMC treated with DBcAMP revealed that cells became refractory to growth inhibition by 12-16 h, consistent with blockade in mid-G1. cAMP treatment blunted the serum-induced rise in cyclin D1 during cell cycle progression without altering levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase cdk4 or cyclin E and its associated kinase, cdk2. Exposure of cells to PTHRP or cAMP resulted in a reduction in retinoblastoma gene product (Rb) phosphorylation. Immunoblotring of extracts from cAMP-treated cells with antibodies to cdk inhibitors revealed a striking increase in p27(kip1) abundance coincident with the G1 block. Immunoprecipitation with an anti-cyclin D1 antibody of cell lysates prepared from cAMP-treated cells followed by immunoblotting with anti-sera to p27(kip1) disclosed a threefold increase in p27(kip1) associated with cyclin D1 compared with lysates treated with serum alone. We conclude that PTHRP, by increasing intracellular cAMP, induces VSMC cycle arrest in mid-G1. This occurs secondary to a suppression in cyclin D1 and induction of p27(kip1) expression, which in turn inhibits Rb phosphorylation.