Ocular pharmacology

Gary D. Novack, Alan L. Robin

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review

28 Scopus citations

Abstract

Ophthalmic diseases include both those analogous to systemic diseases (eg, inflammation, infection, neuronal degeneration) and not analogous (eg, cataract, myopia). Many anterior segment diseases are treated pharmacologically through eye drops, which have an implied therapeutic index of local therapy. Unlike oral dosage forms administered for systemic diseases, eyedrops require patients not only to adhere to treatment, but to be able to accurately perform - ie, instill drops correctly. Anatomical and physiological barriers make topical delivery to the anterior chamber challenging - in some cases more challenging than absorption through the skin, nasal passages, or gut. Treatment of the posterior segment (eg, vitreous, retina, choroid, and optic nerve) is more challenging due to additional barriers. Recently, intravitreal injections have become a standard of care with biologics for the treatment of macular degeneration and other diseases. Although the eye has esterases, hydroxylases, and transporters, it has relatively little CYP450 enzymes. Because it is challenging to obtain drug concentrations at the target site, ocular clinical pharmacokinetics, and thus pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic interactions, are rarely available. Ophthalmic pharmaceuticals require consideration of solubility, physiological pH, and osmolarity, as well as sterility and stability, which in turn requires optimal pharmaceutics. Although applied locally, ocular medications may be absorbed systemically, which results in morbidity and mortality (eg, systemic hypotension, bronchospasm, and bradycardia).

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)517-527
Number of pages11
JournalJournal of clinical pharmacology
Volume56
Issue number5
DOIs
StatePublished - May 1 2016

Keywords

  • glaucoma
  • macular degeneration
  • ophthalmology
  • pharmacology

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Pharmacology
  • Pharmacology (medical)

Fingerprint

Dive into the research topics of 'Ocular pharmacology'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.

Cite this