Music for Movement Disorders

In this chapter, we discuss the use of music for movement disorders with a focus on Parkinson disease. We describe what is known about the neurophysiology of music’s impact on the nervous system in the context of movement disorders. In particular, we review rhythmic entrainment and the utility of rhythmic cueing for gait and upper extremity motor function. Neurologic Music Therapy^® for motor rehabilitation is described and its emerging potential for addressing social and emotional outcomes is emphasized. We also discuss the use of electroencephalography, magnetoencephalography and magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate music therapy effects and address the potential of combining music therapy approaches with noninvasive brain stimulation modalities such as transcranial direct current stimulation. We cover integrative music therapy approaches for movement disorders including clinical improvisation, songwriting, and receptive music experiences for both motor and non-motor outcomes. Finally, we address music medicine approaches for movement disorders, highlighting the work at the Johns Hopkins Center for Music and Medicine.