@article{ed263ac732634e9886ecb163bb4f809b,
title = "Micronutrient intake and the probability of nutrient adequacy among children 9-24 months of age: Results from the MAL-ED birth cohort study",
abstract = "Objective: To estimate the total energy and micronutrient intakes of children 9-24 months of age and evaluate the probability of adequacy (PA) of the diet in seven MAL-ED sites. Design: Cohort study. Food intake was registered monthly using 24-h recalls beginning at 9 months. We estimated PA for thirteen nutrients and overall mean PA (MPA) by site and 3-month periods considering estimated breast milk intake. Setting: Seven sites in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Participants: 1669 children followed from birth to 24 months of age. Results: Median estimated %energy from breast milk ranged from 4 to 70 % at 9-12 months, and declined to 0-39 % at 21-24 months. Iron bioavailability was low for all sites, but many diets were of moderate bioavailability for zinc. PA was optimal for most nutrients in Brazil and South Africa, except for iron and vitamin E (both), calcium and zinc (South Africa). PA for zinc increased only for children consuming a diet with moderate bioavailability. MPA increased 12-24 months as the quantity of complementary foods increased; however, PA for vitamin A remained low in Bangladesh and Tanzania. PA for vitamins D and E and iron was low for most sites and age groups. Conclusions: MPA increased from 12 to 24 months as children consumed higher quantities of food, while nutrient density remained constant for most nutrients. Ways to increase the consumption of foods containing vitamins D, E and A, and calcium are needed, as are ways to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc.",
keywords = "Child nutrition, Cohort studies, Diet, Micronutrients",
author = "Antiporta, {D. A.} and R. Ambikapathi and A. Bose and B. Maciel and Mahopo, {T. C.} and C. Patil and A. Turab and Olortegui, {M. P.} and M. Islam and A. Bauck and McCormick, {B. J.J.} and Caulfield, {L. E.}",
note = "Funding Information: Acknowledgements: MAL-ED Network Investigators are Angel Mendez Acosta, Rosa Rios de Burga, Cesar Banda Chavez, Julian Torres Flores, Maribel Paredes Olotegui, Silvia Rengifo Pinedo, Mery Siguas Salas, Dixner Rengifo Trigoso, Angel Orbe Vasquez (A.B. PRISMA, Iquitos, Peru); Imran Ahmed, Didar Alam, Asad Ali, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Shahida Qureshi, Muneera Rasheed, Sajid Soofi, Ali Turab, Anita K.M. Zaidi (Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan); Ladaporn Bodhidatta, Carl J. Mason (Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand); Sudhir Babji, Anuradha Bose, Ajila T. George, Dinesh Hariraju, M. Steffi Jennifer, Sushil John, Shiny Kaki, Gagandeep Kang, Priyadarshani Karunakaran, Beena Koshy, Robin P. Lazarus, Jayaprakash Muliyil, Mohan Venkata Raghava, Sophy Raju, Anup Ramachandran, Rakhi Ramadas, Karthikeyan Ramanujam, Anuradha Bose, Reeba Roshan, Srujan L. Sharma, Shanmuga Sundaram E., Rahul J. Thomas (Christian Medical College, Vellore, India); William K. Pan (Duke University, Durham, NC, USA, Fogarty International Center/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA); Ramya Ambikapathi, J. Daniel Carreon, Vivek Charu, Viyada Doan, Jhanelle Graham, Christel Hoest, Stacey Knobler (Fogarty International Center/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA); Dennis R. Lang (Fogarty International Center/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, Foundation for the NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA); Benjamin J.J. McCormick, Monica McGrath, Mark A. Miller, Archana Mohale, Gaurvika Nayyar, Stephanie Psaki, Zeba Rasmussen, Stephanie A. Richard, Jessica C. Seidman, Vivian Wang (Fogarty International Center/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA); Rebecca Blank, Michael Gottlieb, Karen H. Tountas (Foundation for the NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA); Caroline Amour, Eliwaza Bayyo, Estomih R. Mduma, Regisiana Mvungi, Rosemary Nshama, John Pascal, Buliga Mujaga Swema, Ladislaus Yarrot (Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Haydom, Tanzania); Tahmeed Ahmed, A.M. Shamsir Ahmed, Rashidul Haque, Iqbal Hossain, Munirul Islam, Mustafa Mahfuz, Dinesh Mondal, Fahmida Tofail (icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh); Ram Krishna Chandyo, Prakash Sunder Shrestha, Rita Shrestha, Manjeswori Ulak (Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal); Aubrey Bauck, Robert E. Black, Laura E. Caulfield (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA); William Checkley (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, Fogarty International Center/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA); Margaret N. Kosek, Gwenyth Lee, Kerry Schulze, Pablo Pe{\~n}ataro Yori (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA); Laura E. Murray-Kolb (The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA); A. Catharine Ross (The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA); Barbara Schaefer (The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA, Fogarty International Center/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA); Suzanne Simons (The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA); Samuel P. Scott (The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA); Laura Pendergast (Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA); Cl{\'a}udia B. Abreu, Hilda Costa, Alessandra Di Moura (Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil); Jos{\'e} Quirino Filho (Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil, Fogarty International Center/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA); Alexandre Havt, {\'A}lvaro M. Leite, Aldo A.M. Lima, No{\'e}lia L. Lima, Ila F. Lima, Bruna L.L. Maciel, Pedro H.Q.S. Medeiros, Milena Moraes, Francisco S. Mota, Reinaldo B. Ori{\'a} (Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil); Josiane Quetz, Alberto M. Soares, Rosa M.S. Mota (Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil); Crystal L. Patil (University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA); Pascal Bessong, Cloupas Mahopo, Angelina Maphula, Emanuel Nyathi, Amidou Samie (University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa); Leah Barrett, Rebecca Dillingham, Jean Gratz, Richard L. Guerrant, Eric Houpt, William A. Petri, Jr, James Platts-Mills, Rebecca Scharf (University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA); Binob Shrestha, Sanjaya Kumar Shrestha (Walter Reed/AFRIMS Research Unit, Kathmandu, Nepal); Tor Strand (Walter Reed/AFRIMS Research Unit, Kathmandu, Nepal; University of Bergen, Norway); Erling Svensen (Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway, Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Haydom, Tanzania). Financial support: {\textquoteleft}The Etiology, Risk Factors, and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development Project{\textquoteright} (MAL-ED) was carried out as a collaborative project supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Foundation for the NIH, and the NIH/Fogarty International Center. Conflict of interest: None. Authorship: The authors{\textquoteright} responsibilities were as follows: D.A.A., R.A. and L.E.C. designed the research; D.A.A. performed statistical analysis; A.Ba., B.J.J.M. and C.P. contributed to the analysis and interpretation of results; A.Ba., R.A., A.B., C.P., M.I., A.T., B.M., M.P.O. and T.C.M. were members of the Nutrition Technical Subcommittee and also conducted the research; D.A.A. and L.E.C. wrote the manuscript; D.A.A. and L.E.C. have primary responsibility for the final content; and all authors read and approved the final manuscript. Ethics of human subject participation: This study was conducted according to the guidelines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki, and all procedures involving human subjects/patients received ethical approval from institutional review boards in all sites, as appropriate (The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA; AB Prisma, Peru; Health Ministry, Loreto, Peru; University of Virginia, USA; Universidade Federal do Ceara, Brazil; Health Ministry, Council of National Health, Brazil; University of Venda; Limpopo Provincial Government, South Africa; Medical Research Coordinating Committee, National Institute for Medical Research; Chief Medical Officer, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Tanzania; icddr, b, Bangladesh; Christian Medical College, Vellore; Indian Council of Medical Research, India). Written informed consent was obtained from the parent/guardian of each participating child. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 The Authors.",
year = "2021",
month = jun,
doi = "10.1017/S1368980020000877",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "24",
pages = "2592--2602",
journal = "Public health nutrition",
issn = "1368-9800",
publisher = "Cambridge University Press",
number = "9",
}