Inflammation Strikes Again: Frailty and HIV

Purpose of Review: As a consequence of antiretroviral therapy, the proportion of older HIV-infected adults is increasing, with a concomitant shift in burden of illness to age-related syndromes and disease. Frailty is an age-related syndrome of increased vulnerability to stress, predictive of major adverse clinical outcomes among HIV-infected and uninfected persons alike. Understanding frailty pathogenesis is critical to developing interventions to improve health outcomes in HIV. Here, we review the current evidence for the relationship between inflammation and frailty in HIV, and the potential for novel, inflammation-targeted interventions. Recent Findings: Dysregulated inflammation has been consistently associated with frailty in elderly HIV-uninfected persons. Dysregulated inflammation is also central to HIV pathophysiology and several recent studies have demonstrated the important association of inflammation with frailty in HIV. Some evidence suggests that anti-inflammatory therapies may be effective in ameliorating the adverse impact of frailty among aging HIV-infected adults, though further investigation is necessary. Summary: Inflammation has been implicated in frailty in HIV infection, and improved understanding of the role that inflammation plays in frailty pathogenesis is key to the development of effective therapies to slow or prevent frailty in the vulnerable HIV-infected population.