TY - JOUR
T1 - Incidence and US Costs of Corticosteroid-Associated Adverse Events
T2 - A Systematic Literature Review
AU - Sarnes, Evelyn
AU - Crofford, Leslie
AU - Watson, Maria
AU - Dennis, Greg
AU - Kan, Hong
AU - Bass, Damon
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by GlaxoSmithKline. GlaxoSmithKline and Human Genome Sciences funded the conduct of this review. Author disclosures are as follows: Dr. Sarnes is an employee of Xcenda, LLC, which received funding from GlaxoSmithKline and Human Genome Sciences to conduct this research. Drs. Kan and Bass are employees of GlaxoSmithKline, and Dr. Dennis is an employee of Human Genome Sciences. Dr. Watson is a former employee of GlaxoSmithKline. Dr. Crofford has no disclosures and received no compensation from GlaxoSmithKline for her work in the writing of this manuscript.
PY - 2011/10
Y1 - 2011/10
N2 - Objective: The objective of this systematic literature review was to evaluate the incidences and risks for adverse events (AEs) associated with oral and parenteral corticosteroids. An assessment was performed to estimate the costs of such AEs. Methods: A systematic review of literature published from 2007 to 2009 was conducted to identify the incidence rates and risk ratios of corticosteroid-related AEs. The review protocol was developed according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. The literature search was expanded to include additional search terms for psychiatric conditions, infections, and peptic ulcers. Costs obtained from a separate narrative literature review were applied to AEs likely to affect third-party payers in the United States. Results: A total of 357 publications were identified from the primary (n = 323) and secondary (n = 34) searches. Of these, 310 were excluded because they did not evaluate AEs related to corticosteroids, were an excluded publication type, or for other reasons. A final list of 47 studies were used for data extraction. Across patient populations, the most frequently reported corticosteroid-associated AEs were psychiatric events, infections, gastric conditions, and fractures. Corticosteroid-associated AEs reported to occur at an incidence >30% were sleep disturbances, lipodystrophy, adrenal suppression, metabolic syndrome, weight gain, and hypertension. Vertebral fractures were reported at an incidence of 21% to 30%. Dose-response relationships were documented for fractures, acute myocardial infarction, hypertension, and peptic ulcer. The costs of managing AEs that may occur with corticosteroids can be substantial. The literature reported 1-year per-patient costs of up to $26,471.80 for nonfatal myocardial infarction, and per-event costs as high as $18,357.90 for fracture. The findings from the present review should be interpreted cautiously due to several limitations, including the retrospective design of most of the studies identified, risk for confounding due to underlying disease activity or patient population, and the relatively small number of studies that reported each AE association. As this cost analysis was preliminary, a comprehensive pharmacoeconomic analysis should be undertaken to confirm the findings. Conclusion: Based on the findings from this review, systemic corticosteroids are a common cause of AEs that may be costly to payers.
AB - Objective: The objective of this systematic literature review was to evaluate the incidences and risks for adverse events (AEs) associated with oral and parenteral corticosteroids. An assessment was performed to estimate the costs of such AEs. Methods: A systematic review of literature published from 2007 to 2009 was conducted to identify the incidence rates and risk ratios of corticosteroid-related AEs. The review protocol was developed according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. The literature search was expanded to include additional search terms for psychiatric conditions, infections, and peptic ulcers. Costs obtained from a separate narrative literature review were applied to AEs likely to affect third-party payers in the United States. Results: A total of 357 publications were identified from the primary (n = 323) and secondary (n = 34) searches. Of these, 310 were excluded because they did not evaluate AEs related to corticosteroids, were an excluded publication type, or for other reasons. A final list of 47 studies were used for data extraction. Across patient populations, the most frequently reported corticosteroid-associated AEs were psychiatric events, infections, gastric conditions, and fractures. Corticosteroid-associated AEs reported to occur at an incidence >30% were sleep disturbances, lipodystrophy, adrenal suppression, metabolic syndrome, weight gain, and hypertension. Vertebral fractures were reported at an incidence of 21% to 30%. Dose-response relationships were documented for fractures, acute myocardial infarction, hypertension, and peptic ulcer. The costs of managing AEs that may occur with corticosteroids can be substantial. The literature reported 1-year per-patient costs of up to $26,471.80 for nonfatal myocardial infarction, and per-event costs as high as $18,357.90 for fracture. The findings from the present review should be interpreted cautiously due to several limitations, including the retrospective design of most of the studies identified, risk for confounding due to underlying disease activity or patient population, and the relatively small number of studies that reported each AE association. As this cost analysis was preliminary, a comprehensive pharmacoeconomic analysis should be undertaken to confirm the findings. Conclusion: Based on the findings from this review, systemic corticosteroids are a common cause of AEs that may be costly to payers.
KW - Adverse events
KW - Corticosteroids
KW - Cost analysis
KW - Long-term treatment
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U2 - 10.1016/j.clinthera.2011.09.009
DO - 10.1016/j.clinthera.2011.09.009
M3 - Article
C2 - 21999885
AN - SCOPUS:80054947972
SN - 0149-2918
VL - 33
SP - 1413
EP - 1432
JO - Clinical therapeutics
JF - Clinical therapeutics
IS - 10
ER -