Impaired myocardial deformation persists at 2 years in offspring of mothers with diabetes mellitus

Background: A diabetic intrauterine environment has been proposed as a potential etiological mechanism for in utero programming of cardiac disease, and is associated with impaired fetal cardiac function. We aimed to assess cardiac function in offspring of mothers with diabetes mellitus (ODM) and determine whether fetal cardiac abnormalities persist during follow-up. Methods: Longitudinal observational study to evaluate and compare myocardial function in 40 ODM to age-matched control offspring (CO). Myocardial deformation was measured using speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE). Results: Significant differences were detected in global longitudinal strain (−20.9 ± 3.1 vs. −23.6 ± 2.2%; p = 0.001), global circumferential strain (−24.4 ± 3.9 vs. −26.9 ± 2.7%; p = 0.017), average radial strain (29.0 ± 9.8 vs. 37.1 ± 7.2%; p = 0.003), average longitudinal systolic strain rate (−1.24 ± 0.25/s vs. −1.47 ± 0.30/s; p = 0.011) and average circumferential systolic strain rate (−1.56 ± 0.37/s vs. −1.84 ± 0.37/s; p = 0.013) in comparison to CO up to 2 years of follow-up. Minimal differences were observed within ODM over the 2-year period. Conclusion: Impaired cardiac function in ODM persists during 2 years follow-up. Functional cardiac assessment might therefore be useful to detect these unfavorable changes, independent of screening for congenital heart disease or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in this population. IMPACT: We demonstrate persistence of subclinical myocardial deformation abnormalities in offspring of mothers with diabetes mellitus from fetal life to early childhood years.These results extend the cellular observations in basic and translational research of developmental programming into the clinical realm.Persistence of subclinical myocardial deformation abnormalities may shed light on the known incidence of early cardiovascular disease in offspring of mother with diabetes.Cardiac myocardial strain assessment can be useful to detect these abnormalities, independent of screening for congenital heart disease or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in this population.