Health-seeking patterns among participants of population-based morbidity surveillance in rural western Kenya: Implications for calculating disease rates

Background: Calculation of disease rates in developing countries using facility-based surveillance is affected by patterns of health utilization. We describe temporal patterns in health care seeking by syndrome as part of population-based morbidity surveillance in rural western Kenya. Methods: From July 2006 to June 2008, health utilization data were collected from 27 171 participants at biweekly home visits and at Lwak Hospital, the designated referral clinic where free care provided by dedicated study clinical staff was available. Ill persons were asked if and where they sought care. Proportions seeking care for children and adults with fever, acute respiratory infection (ARI), acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI), and diarrhea were compared by Chi-square test. Care-seeking by distance was evaluated by logistic regression. Results: While care-seeking outside the home was common for all syndromes (>50%), only 18-38% of care-seeking was to health facilities. Children were more likely than adults to visit health facilities for all syndromes. Of ill persons visiting Lwak Hospital, 45-54% had previously sought care elsewhere, mostly from informal drug sellers, and 11-24% with fever, ARI, or ALRI had already taken an antimalarial or antibiotic. The distance from the participant's home to Lwak Hospital was the most common reason (71%) for ill participants not seeking care there. The likelihood of visiting Lwak decreased with increasing distance of residence (p< 0.001) and fluctuated significantly over the study period. Conclusions: Even in a study setting where free and reliable care is offered, health utilization is affected by other factors, such as distance. Health utilization data in population-based surveillance are important in adjusting disease rates.