TY - JOUR
T1 - Generation of superoxide from reaction of 3H -1,2-dithiole-3-thione with thiols
T2 - Implications for dithiolethione chemoprotection
AU - Jia, Zhenquan
AU - Zhu, Hong
AU - Trush, Michael A.
AU - Misra, Hara P.
AU - Li, Yunbo
N1 - Funding Information:
Acknowledgments This work was supported in part by NIH grant HL71190 (Y. L.). M. A. T. was supported by NIH grants ES03760, ES03819 and ES08078.
Copyright:
Copyright 2009 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2008/1
Y1 - 2008/1
N2 - 3H-1,2-Dithiole-3-thione (D3T), a potent member of dithiolethiones, induces phase 2 enzymes by activating an Nrf2/Keap1-dependent signaling pathway. It was proposed that interaction between D3T and two adjacent sulfhydryl groups of Keap1 might cause dissociation of Keap1 from Nrf2, leading to Nrf2 activation. This study was undertaken to investigate the reactions between D3T and thiols, including the dithiol compound, dithiothreitol (DTT), and the monothiol, glutathione (GSH). We reported here that under physiologically relevant conditions incubation of D3T with DTT caused remarkable oxygen consumption, indicating a redox reaction between D3T and the dithiol molecule. Incubation of D3T with GSH also led to oxygen consumption, but to a less extent. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies showed that the redox reaction between D3T and DTT generated superoxide. Superoxide was also formed from the redox reaction of D3T with GSH. These findings demonstrate that D3T reacts with thiols, particularly a dithiol, generating superoxide, which may provide a mechanistic explanation for induction of Nrf2-dependent phase 2 enzymes by D3T.
AB - 3H-1,2-Dithiole-3-thione (D3T), a potent member of dithiolethiones, induces phase 2 enzymes by activating an Nrf2/Keap1-dependent signaling pathway. It was proposed that interaction between D3T and two adjacent sulfhydryl groups of Keap1 might cause dissociation of Keap1 from Nrf2, leading to Nrf2 activation. This study was undertaken to investigate the reactions between D3T and thiols, including the dithiol compound, dithiothreitol (DTT), and the monothiol, glutathione (GSH). We reported here that under physiologically relevant conditions incubation of D3T with DTT caused remarkable oxygen consumption, indicating a redox reaction between D3T and the dithiol molecule. Incubation of D3T with GSH also led to oxygen consumption, but to a less extent. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies showed that the redox reaction between D3T and DTT generated superoxide. Superoxide was also formed from the redox reaction of D3T with GSH. These findings demonstrate that D3T reacts with thiols, particularly a dithiol, generating superoxide, which may provide a mechanistic explanation for induction of Nrf2-dependent phase 2 enzymes by D3T.
KW - D3T
KW - EPR
KW - Oxygen consumption
KW - Superoxide
KW - Thiols
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U2 - 10.1007/s11010-007-9598-z
DO - 10.1007/s11010-007-9598-z
M3 - Article
C2 - 17891450
AN - SCOPUS:36949019757
SN - 0300-8177
VL - 307
SP - 185
EP - 191
JO - Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
JF - Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
IS - 1-2
ER -