Functional analysis: Contemporary methods and applications

A distinguishing feature between behavior analysis and behavior modification is the primacy of discovering and understanding variables that control behavior under natural conditions. Functional analysis (FA) refers to both the process for identifying the controlling variables or problem behavior and a methodology for experimentally examining these variables in a systematic manner. FAs are the most valid and scientifically rigorous method of functional assessment and have become the nonpareil assessment procedure for identifying the maintaining variable(s) of problem behavior. While the FA methodology described by Iwata et al. (1982/1994) may represent a standard procedural approach, there are many modifications that clinicians can leverage within the FA to address concerns that may arise when attempting to assess and severe problem behavior. Ultimately, although the procedure of the FA can be modified, the process of experimentally identifying variables that give rise to and maintain behavior remains the same—and remains the most effective form of behavioral assessment for severe problem behavior.