Fixation techniques in revision spine surgery

The purpose of this chapter is to provide a detailed description of the intra-operative technical steps required for advanced reconstructive procedures used for revising failed or incomplete spine surgery. There is a growing incidence of primary, and with it, revision spine surgery. Fixation often becomes a challenge with increasing population age, comorbidities, and multiple attempts at instrumentation. Herein we detail: screw cementation, quad rod constructs, dural scar resection, PJK prevention, and navigation and robotics. This work provides working descriptions of techniques that may be of use to practitioners of complex spine surgery.