TY - JOUR
T1 - Effect of a "pill mill" law on opioid prescribing and utilization
T2 - The case of Texas
AU - Lyapustina, Tatyana
AU - Rutkow, Lainie
AU - Chang, Hsien Yen
AU - Daubresse, Matthew
AU - Ramji, Alim F.
AU - Faul, Mark
AU - Stuart, Elizabeth A.
AU - Alexander, G. Caleb
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
PY - 2016/2/1
Y1 - 2016/2/1
N2 - Background: States have attempted to reduce prescription opioid abuse through strengthening the regulation of pain management clinics; however, the effect of such measures remains unclear. We quantified the impact of Texas's September 2010 "pill mill" law on opioid prescribing and utilization. Methods: We used the IMS Health LRx LifeLink database to examine anonymized, patient-level pharmacy claims for a closed cohort of individuals filling prescription opioids in Texas between September 2009 and August 2011. Our primary outcomes were derived at a monthly level and included: (1) average morphine equivalent dose (MED) per transaction; (2) aggregate opioid volume; (3) number of opioid prescriptions; and (4) quantity of opioid pills dispensed. We compared observed values with the counterfactual, which we estimated from pre-intervention levels and trends. Results: Texas's pill mill law was associated with declines in average MED per transaction (-0.57. mg/month, 95% confidence interval [CI] -1.09, -0.057), monthly opioid volume (-9.99. kg/month, CI -12.86, -7.11), monthly number of opioid prescriptions (-12,200 prescriptions/month, CI -15,300, -9,150) and monthly quantity of opioid pills dispensed (-714,000 pills/month, CI -877,000, -550,000). These reductions reflected decreases of 8.1-24.3% across the outcomes at one year compared with the counterfactual, and they were concentrated among prescribers and patients with the highest opioid prescribing and utilization at baseline. Conclusions: Following the implementation of Texas's 2010 pill mill law, there were clinically significant reductions in opioid dose, volume, prescriptions and pills dispensed within the state, which were limited to individuals with higher levels of baseline opioid prescribing and utilization.
AB - Background: States have attempted to reduce prescription opioid abuse through strengthening the regulation of pain management clinics; however, the effect of such measures remains unclear. We quantified the impact of Texas's September 2010 "pill mill" law on opioid prescribing and utilization. Methods: We used the IMS Health LRx LifeLink database to examine anonymized, patient-level pharmacy claims for a closed cohort of individuals filling prescription opioids in Texas between September 2009 and August 2011. Our primary outcomes were derived at a monthly level and included: (1) average morphine equivalent dose (MED) per transaction; (2) aggregate opioid volume; (3) number of opioid prescriptions; and (4) quantity of opioid pills dispensed. We compared observed values with the counterfactual, which we estimated from pre-intervention levels and trends. Results: Texas's pill mill law was associated with declines in average MED per transaction (-0.57. mg/month, 95% confidence interval [CI] -1.09, -0.057), monthly opioid volume (-9.99. kg/month, CI -12.86, -7.11), monthly number of opioid prescriptions (-12,200 prescriptions/month, CI -15,300, -9,150) and monthly quantity of opioid pills dispensed (-714,000 pills/month, CI -877,000, -550,000). These reductions reflected decreases of 8.1-24.3% across the outcomes at one year compared with the counterfactual, and they were concentrated among prescribers and patients with the highest opioid prescribing and utilization at baseline. Conclusions: Following the implementation of Texas's 2010 pill mill law, there were clinically significant reductions in opioid dose, volume, prescriptions and pills dispensed within the state, which were limited to individuals with higher levels of baseline opioid prescribing and utilization.
KW - Pill mill law
KW - Prescription drug monitoring
KW - Prescription pain medication
KW - Time series analysis
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U2 - 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.025
DO - 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.025
M3 - Article
C2 - 26778760
AN - SCOPUS:84955196058
SN - 0376-8716
VL - 159
SP - 190
EP - 197
JO - Drug and alcohol dependence
JF - Drug and alcohol dependence
ER -