TY - JOUR
T1 - Drug testing with alternative matrices I. Pharmacological effects and disposition of cocaine and codeine in plasma, sebum, and stratum corneum
AU - Joseph, Robert E.
AU - Oyler, Jonathan M.
AU - Wstadik, Abraham T.
AU - Ohuoha, Chideha
AU - Cone, Edward J.
N1 - Funding Information:
This study was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute on Drug Abuse. The authors would like to acknowledgeA nn Basham, who provided nursing care, and Diana Lafko, Janeen Nichels, Angela Ross, David Darwin, Deborah Price, and Bonnie KoeppI, who provided technical assistance.
PY - 1998
Y1 - 1998
N2 - This study examined the disposition of cocaine, codeine, and metabolites in stratum corneum, sebum, and plasma collected from five African-American males after administrations of cocaine and codeine during a 10-week inpatient clinical study. The subjects were experienced, healthy drag users with a recent history of cocaine and heroin abuse. The first drug administration was delayed by three weeks to allow for the elimination of previously administered drugs from the body. Subjects received three 75 mg cocaine hydrochloride/70 kg doses by the subcutaneous route and three 60 mg codeine sulfate/70 kg doses by the oral route on alternating days beginning in week 4. The same dosing sequence was repeated in week 8 with doubled (x 2) doses. Pharmacological measures (heart rate, pupil diameter, subject 'High' and 'Liking') were obtained simultaneously with blood. Stratum corneum was collected by scraping regions of the back once each week. Sebum was collected periodically from the forehead by applying Sebutape(TM) patches for 1-2-h intervals. Plasma, stratum corneum, and sebum were analyzed for cocaine, codeine, and metabolites by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Peak plasma cocaine concentrations occurred within the 30 min following dosing and followed peak pharmacological effects. Peak plasma codeine concentrations occurred within 1-2 h of dosing and before peak pharmacological effects. Cocaine and codeine were the primary analytes in sebum and stratum corneum. After dosing, these drugs appeared in sebum within 1-2 h and were detected for 1-2 days. Peak-drug concentrations in stratum corneum occurred one day after completion of dosing; elimination of the drugs continued over the next 1-2 weeks after dosing. Overall, no definitive relationship was observed between drug concentrations in sebum and stratum corneum compared with dose. Interpretation of drug distribution and elimination in sebum and stratum corneum was complicated by possible contamination of specimens with drugs from sweat. The mechanism(s) for deposition of cocaine and codeine in sebum and stratum corneum appeared to be complex and could involve the transfer of drags between different body fluids (i.e., sebum and sweat) and other matrices (i.e., skin and hair).
AB - This study examined the disposition of cocaine, codeine, and metabolites in stratum corneum, sebum, and plasma collected from five African-American males after administrations of cocaine and codeine during a 10-week inpatient clinical study. The subjects were experienced, healthy drag users with a recent history of cocaine and heroin abuse. The first drug administration was delayed by three weeks to allow for the elimination of previously administered drugs from the body. Subjects received three 75 mg cocaine hydrochloride/70 kg doses by the subcutaneous route and three 60 mg codeine sulfate/70 kg doses by the oral route on alternating days beginning in week 4. The same dosing sequence was repeated in week 8 with doubled (x 2) doses. Pharmacological measures (heart rate, pupil diameter, subject 'High' and 'Liking') were obtained simultaneously with blood. Stratum corneum was collected by scraping regions of the back once each week. Sebum was collected periodically from the forehead by applying Sebutape(TM) patches for 1-2-h intervals. Plasma, stratum corneum, and sebum were analyzed for cocaine, codeine, and metabolites by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Peak plasma cocaine concentrations occurred within the 30 min following dosing and followed peak pharmacological effects. Peak plasma codeine concentrations occurred within 1-2 h of dosing and before peak pharmacological effects. Cocaine and codeine were the primary analytes in sebum and stratum corneum. After dosing, these drugs appeared in sebum within 1-2 h and were detected for 1-2 days. Peak-drug concentrations in stratum corneum occurred one day after completion of dosing; elimination of the drugs continued over the next 1-2 weeks after dosing. Overall, no definitive relationship was observed between drug concentrations in sebum and stratum corneum compared with dose. Interpretation of drug distribution and elimination in sebum and stratum corneum was complicated by possible contamination of specimens with drugs from sweat. The mechanism(s) for deposition of cocaine and codeine in sebum and stratum corneum appeared to be complex and could involve the transfer of drags between different body fluids (i.e., sebum and sweat) and other matrices (i.e., skin and hair).
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U2 - 10.1093/jat/22.1.6
DO - 10.1093/jat/22.1.6
M3 - Article
C2 - 9491963
AN - SCOPUS:2642705028
SN - 0146-4760
VL - 22
SP - 6
EP - 17
JO - Journal of analytical toxicology
JF - Journal of analytical toxicology
IS - 1
ER -