@article{393f9e958f054e00bfd7a64d565327e2,
title = "Differentiating people with schizophrenia from healthy controls in a developing Country: An evaluation of portable functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) as an adjunct diagnostic tool",
abstract = "Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate portable functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) device as an adjunct diagnostic tool in Vietnam to assess hemodynamics when people with schizophrenia and healthy controls performed cognitive tasks. Methods: One hundred fifty-seven participants were divided into schizophrenia (n = 110) and healthy controls group (n = 47), which were recruited by match of age, and gender. Hemodynamic responses in the frontal cortex were monitored with a 48-channel portable device during the Stroop Color-Word Test (SCWT) and Verbal Fluency Test (VFT). General linear model compared the differences in oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) levels between the two groups. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) graph was generated for each neuroanatomical area. Results: People with schizophrenia did not show significant activation in the frontal lobe during the SCWT and VFT as compared to pre-task. During the VFT, the area under the ROC curve of the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, bilateral orbitofrontal cortex, bilateral frontopolar prefrontal cortex, and bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortex were greater than 0.7 (p < 0.001). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for the right orbitofrontal cortex was maximal during the VFT (AUC = 0.802, 95%CI = 0.731–0.872). The Youden{\textquoteright}s index reached a peak (0.57) at the optimal cut-point value (HbO2 cutoff <0.209 μmol/ml for schizophrenia) in which the sensitivity was 85%; specificity was 72%; positive predictive value (PPV) was 0.88; negative predictive value (NPV) was 0.68 and correct classification rate was 76%. Discussion: Assessing hemodynamics during VFT by portable fNIRS offers the potential as an adjunct diagnostic tool for schizophrenia in developing countries.",
keywords = "NIR spectroscopy, Vietnam, cortical hemodynamic response, near-infrared, schizophrenia, spectrometry",
author = "Tran, {Bach Xuan} and Nguyen, {Tham Thi} and Laurent Boyer and Guillaume Fond and Pascal Auquier and Nguyen, {Hao Si Anh} and Tran, {Ha Thi Nhi} and Nguyen, {Hung Manh} and Jongkwan Choi and Le, {Huong Thi} and Latkin, {Carl A.} and Nathan, {Kalpana Isabel} and Husain, {Syeda F.} and McIntyre, {Roger S.} and Ho, {Cyrus S.H.} and Zhang, {Melvyn W.B.} and Ho, {Roger C.M.}",
note = "Funding Information: This study received funding from the Gia Lam Urban Development and Investment Company Limited, Vingroup, Vingroup Innovation Foundation (VINIF) (Grant No. VINIF.2019.DA14), NUS Department of Psychological Medicine (R-177-000-100-001/R-177-000-003-001), and NUS iHeathtech Other Operating Expenses (R-722-000-004-731). The funder was not involved in the study design, collection, analysis, interpretation of data, the writing of this article or the decision to submit it for publication. Funding Information: This study received funding from the Gia Lam Urban Development and Investment Company Limited, Vingroup, Vingroup Innovation Foundation (VINIF) (Grant No. VINIF.2019.DA14), NUS Department of Psychological Medicine (R-177-000-100-001/R-177-000-003-001), and NUS iHeathtech Other Operating Expenses (R-722-000-004-731). The funder was not involved in the study design, collection, analysis, interpretation of data, the writing of this article or the decision to submit it for publication. Funding Information: This study was managed by the Ministry of Health with Decision No. 850/Q{\D}-BYT, implemented by Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, with funding from the Vingroup Innovation Fund under the agreement VINIF.2019.DA14. The authors would like to thank the VINGROUP, Ministry of Health, Hanoi Department of Health, Vietnam Young Physician Association, Hanoi Medical University, and the research collaborator. Publisher Copyright: Copyright {\textcopyright} 2023 Tran, Nguyen, Boyer, Fond, Auquier, Nguyen, Tran, Nguyen, Choi, Le, Latkin, Nathan, Husain, McIntyre, Ho, Zhang and Ho.",
year = "2023",
month = jan,
day = "26",
doi = "10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1061284",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "14",
journal = "Frontiers in Psychiatry",
issn = "1664-0640",
publisher = "Frontiers Research Foundation",
}