TY - JOUR
T1 - COVID-19 among African Americans and Hispanics
T2 - Does gastrointestinal symptoms impact the outcome?
AU - Ashktorab, Hassan
AU - Folake, Adeleye
AU - Pizuorno, Antonio
AU - Oskrochi, Gholamreza
AU - Oppong-Twene, Philip
AU - Tamanna, Nuri
AU - Dalivand, Maryam Mehdipour
AU - Umeh, Lisa N.
AU - Moon, Esther S.
AU - Kone, Abdoul Madjid
AU - Banson, Abigail
AU - Federman, Cassandra
AU - Ramos, Edward
AU - Awoyemi, Eyitope Ola
AU - Wonni, Boubini Jones
AU - Otto, Eric
AU - Maskalo, Guttu
AU - Velez, Alexandra Ogando
AU - Rankine, Sheldon
AU - Thrift, Camelita
AU - Ekwunazu, Chiamaka
AU - Scholes, Derek
AU - Chirumamilla, Lakshmi Gayathri
AU - Ibrahim, Mohd Elmugtaba
AU - Mitchell, Brianna
AU - Ross, Jillian
AU - Curtis, Julencia
AU - Kim, Rachel
AU - Gilliard, Chandler
AU - Mathew, Joseph
AU - Laiyemo, Adeyinka
AU - Kibreab, Angesum
AU - Lee, Edward
AU - Sherif, Zaki
AU - Shokrani, Babak
AU - Aduli, Farshad
AU - Brim, Hassan
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All Rights Reserved.
PY - 2021
Y1 - 2021
N2 - BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disproportionately affected African Americans (AA) and Hispanics (HSP). AIM To analyze the significant effectors of outcome in African American patient population and make special emphasis on gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, laboratory values and comorbidities METHODS We retrospectively evaluated the medical records of 386 COVID-19 positive patients admitted at Howard University Hospital between March and May 2020. We assessed the symptoms, including the GI manifestations, comorbidities, and mortality, using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Of these 386 COVID-19 positive patients, 257 (63.7%) were AAs, 102 (25.3%) HSP, and 26 (6.45%) Whites. There were 257 (63.7%) AA, 102 (25.3%) HSP, 26 (6.45%) Whites. The mean age was 55.6 years (SD = 18.5). However, the mean age of HSP was the lowest (43.7 years vs 61.2 for Whites vs 60 for AAs). The mortality rate was highest among the AAs (20.6%) and lowest among HSP (6.9%). Patients with shortness of breath (SOB) (OR2 = 3.64, CI = 1.73-7.65) and elevated AST (OR2 = 8.01, CI = 3.79-16.9) elevated Procalcitonin (OR2 = 8.27, CI = 3.95-17.3), AST (OR2 = 8.01, CI = 3.79-16.9), ferritin (OR2 = 2.69, CI = 1.24-5.82), and Lymphopenia (OR2 = 2.77, CI = 1.41-5.45) had a high mortality rate. Cough and fever were common but unrelated to the outcome. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus were the most common comorbidities. Glucocorticoid treatment was associated with higher mortality (OR2 = 5.40, CI = 2.72-10.7). Diarrhea was prevalent (18.8%), and GI symptoms did not affect the outcome. CONCLUSION African Americans in our study had the highest mortality as they consisted of an older population and comorbidities. Age is the most important factor along with SOB in determining the mortality rate. Overall, elevated liver enzymes, ferritin, procalcitonin and C-reactive protein were associated with poor prognosis. GI symptoms did not affect the outcome. Glucocorticoids should be used judiciously, considering the poor outcomes associated with it.
AB - BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disproportionately affected African Americans (AA) and Hispanics (HSP). AIM To analyze the significant effectors of outcome in African American patient population and make special emphasis on gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, laboratory values and comorbidities METHODS We retrospectively evaluated the medical records of 386 COVID-19 positive patients admitted at Howard University Hospital between March and May 2020. We assessed the symptoms, including the GI manifestations, comorbidities, and mortality, using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Of these 386 COVID-19 positive patients, 257 (63.7%) were AAs, 102 (25.3%) HSP, and 26 (6.45%) Whites. There were 257 (63.7%) AA, 102 (25.3%) HSP, 26 (6.45%) Whites. The mean age was 55.6 years (SD = 18.5). However, the mean age of HSP was the lowest (43.7 years vs 61.2 for Whites vs 60 for AAs). The mortality rate was highest among the AAs (20.6%) and lowest among HSP (6.9%). Patients with shortness of breath (SOB) (OR2 = 3.64, CI = 1.73-7.65) and elevated AST (OR2 = 8.01, CI = 3.79-16.9) elevated Procalcitonin (OR2 = 8.27, CI = 3.95-17.3), AST (OR2 = 8.01, CI = 3.79-16.9), ferritin (OR2 = 2.69, CI = 1.24-5.82), and Lymphopenia (OR2 = 2.77, CI = 1.41-5.45) had a high mortality rate. Cough and fever were common but unrelated to the outcome. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus were the most common comorbidities. Glucocorticoid treatment was associated with higher mortality (OR2 = 5.40, CI = 2.72-10.7). Diarrhea was prevalent (18.8%), and GI symptoms did not affect the outcome. CONCLUSION African Americans in our study had the highest mortality as they consisted of an older population and comorbidities. Age is the most important factor along with SOB in determining the mortality rate. Overall, elevated liver enzymes, ferritin, procalcitonin and C-reactive protein were associated with poor prognosis. GI symptoms did not affect the outcome. Glucocorticoids should be used judiciously, considering the poor outcomes associated with it.
KW - African Americans
KW - COVID-19
KW - Gastrointestinal manifestation
KW - Hispanics
KW - Liver
KW - Pandemic
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U2 - 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i28.8374
DO - 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i28.8374
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85119207247
SN - 2307-8960
VL - 9
SP - 8374
EP - 8387
JO - World Journal of Clinical Cases
JF - World Journal of Clinical Cases
IS - 28
ER -