Abstract
Certain individuals are born with nonprogressive ocular motility disturbances with variable appearance, but sharing the characteristic that some, or all, of the extraocular muscles are small, tight, and fibrotic, often causing restriction of motility on forced ductions and retraction of the globe on eye movement. These disorders were initially called congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles, but, in 2002, the term congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (CCDDs) was suggested because of the evidence that these problems were most commonly neurogenic in origin rather than myopathic. This article reviews the CCDD disorders with currently proven genetic causes.
Original language | English (US) |
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Title of host publication | Encyclopedia of the Eye |
Publisher | Elsevier |
Pages | 346-355 |
Number of pages | 10 |
ISBN (Electronic) | 9780123742032 |
ISBN (Print) | 9780123741981 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Jan 1 2010 |
Externally published | Yes |
Keywords
- Brain development
- Brainstem
- Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders
- Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles
- Duane retraction syndrome
- Extraocular muscles
- HOXA1 spectrum disorders
- Horizontal gaze palsy and progressive scoliosis
- Moebius syndrome
- Orbit
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- General Medicine