Bone structure and biomechanical analyses using imaging and simulation technology

Bio-imaging technology has been used to study bone structure and biomechanics ever since the discovery of roentgenograms (X-ray) by Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen in the late nineteenth century. Recent advancements of CT-and MRI-based imaging techniques plus various digital image processing and 3D and 4D reconstruction algorithms have made these studies easier with expanded scope and greater depth and enabling biomechanical analysis with unprecedented clarity using computer graphics in static and dynamic animations. These capabilities formed the foundation of computer-aided simulation and analysis of the musculoskeletal system in an interactive environment. To perform biomechanical analysis of bone and other connective tissues at both the material and structure levels, one needs accurate and effective models and reliable material properties. In addition, bone and joint loading depend on muscle contraction and the interaction among all connective tissues engaged in body and limb functions. This chapter presents a variety of bio-imaging techniques and a number of selected application examples of using these techniques to conduct structure and biomechanical investigations involving the normal and abnormal compositions and functions of themusculoskeletal system. A unique simulation software and database, the Virtual Interactive Musculoskeletal System (VIMS), which incorporatesmodel-making techniques, biomechanical analysis algorithms, and a graphic image-based virtual laboratory environment to present the model, data and analysis results, is introduced. It is hoped that this exciting technology will provide the tools andmotivation to bringmusculoskeletal biomechanics back to the centre of attention in the fields of bioengineering, orthopaedic surgery and rehabilitation.