TY - JOUR
T1 - Associations of perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and caregiving with inflammation
T2 - A longitudinal study
AU - Elayoubi, Joanne
AU - Haley, William E.
AU - Roth, David L.
AU - Cushman, Mary
AU - Sheehan, Orla C.
AU - Howard, Virginia J.
AU - Hladek, Melissa Decardi
AU - Hueluer, Gizem
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© International Psychogeriatric Association 2022.
PY - 2023/2/11
Y1 - 2023/2/11
N2 - Objectives: Higher inflammation has been linked to poor physical and mental health outcomes, and mortality, but few studies have rigorously examined whether changes in perceived stress and depressive symptoms are associated with increased inflammation within family caregivers and non-caregivers in a longitudinal design. Design: Longitudinal Study. Setting: REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke cohort study. Participants: Participants included 239 individuals who were not caregivers at baseline but transitioned to providing substantial and sustained caregiving over time. They were initially matched to 241 non-caregiver comparisons on age, sex, race, education, marital status, self-rated health, and history of cardiovascular disease. Blood was drawn at baseline and approximately 9.3 years at follow-up for both groups. Measurements: Perceived Stress Scale, Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression, inflammatory biomarkers, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, D dimer, tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor 1, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, and IL-10 taken at baseline and follow-up. Results: Although at follow-up, caregivers showed significantly greater worsening in perceived stress and depressive symptoms compared to non-caregivers, there were few significant associations between depressive symptoms or perceived stress on inflammation for either group. Inflammation, however, was associated with multiple demographic and health variables, including age, race, obesity, and use of medications for hypertension and diabetes for caregivers and non-caregivers. Conclusions: These findings illustrate the complexity of studying the associations between stress, depressive symptoms, and inflammation in older adults, where these associations may depend on demographic, disease, and medication effects. Future studies should examine whether resilience factors may prevent increased inflammation in older caregivers.
AB - Objectives: Higher inflammation has been linked to poor physical and mental health outcomes, and mortality, but few studies have rigorously examined whether changes in perceived stress and depressive symptoms are associated with increased inflammation within family caregivers and non-caregivers in a longitudinal design. Design: Longitudinal Study. Setting: REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke cohort study. Participants: Participants included 239 individuals who were not caregivers at baseline but transitioned to providing substantial and sustained caregiving over time. They were initially matched to 241 non-caregiver comparisons on age, sex, race, education, marital status, self-rated health, and history of cardiovascular disease. Blood was drawn at baseline and approximately 9.3 years at follow-up for both groups. Measurements: Perceived Stress Scale, Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression, inflammatory biomarkers, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, D dimer, tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor 1, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, and IL-10 taken at baseline and follow-up. Results: Although at follow-up, caregivers showed significantly greater worsening in perceived stress and depressive symptoms compared to non-caregivers, there were few significant associations between depressive symptoms or perceived stress on inflammation for either group. Inflammation, however, was associated with multiple demographic and health variables, including age, race, obesity, and use of medications for hypertension and diabetes for caregivers and non-caregivers. Conclusions: These findings illustrate the complexity of studying the associations between stress, depressive symptoms, and inflammation in older adults, where these associations may depend on demographic, disease, and medication effects. Future studies should examine whether resilience factors may prevent increased inflammation in older caregivers.
KW - biomarkers
KW - chronic stress
KW - depressive symptoms
KW - family caregiving
KW - inflammatory
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85148965332&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85148965332&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1017/S1041610222000370
DO - 10.1017/S1041610222000370
M3 - Article
C2 - 35543307
AN - SCOPUS:85148965332
SN - 1041-6102
VL - 35
SP - 95
EP - 105
JO - International psychogeriatrics
JF - International psychogeriatrics
IS - 2
ER -