TY - JOUR
T1 - Association of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions to Reduce the Spread of SARS-CoV-2 With Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms
T2 - A Multi-National Study of 43 Countries
AU - Riehm, Kira E.
AU - Badillo Goicoechea, Elena
AU - Wang, Frances M.
AU - Kim, Esther
AU - Aldridge, Luke R.
AU - Lupton-Smith, Carly P.
AU - Presskreischer, Rachel
AU - Chang, Ting Hsuan
AU - LaRocca, Sarah
AU - Kreuter, Frauke
AU - Stuart, Elizabeth A.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
Copyright © 2022 Riehm, Badillo Goicoechea, Wang, Kim, Aldridge, Lupton-Smith, Presskreischer, Chang, LaRocca, Kreuter and Stuart.
PY - 2022/3/3
Y1 - 2022/3/3
N2 - Objectives: To examine the association of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) with anxiety and depressive symptoms among adults and determine if these associations varied by gender and age. Methods: We combined survey data from 16,177,184 adults from 43 countries who participated in the daily COVID-19 Trends and Impact Survey via Facebook with time-varying NPI data from the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker between 24 April 2020 and 20 December 2020. Using logistic regression models, we examined the association of [1] overall NPI stringency and [2] seven individual NPIs (school closures, workplace closures, cancellation of public events, restrictions on the size of gatherings, stay-at-home requirements, restrictions on internal movement, and international travel controls) with anxiety and depressive symptoms. Results: More stringent implementation of NPIs was associated with a higher odds of anxiety and depressive symptoms, albeit with very small effect sizes. Individual NPIs had heterogeneous associations with anxiety and depressive symptoms by gender and age. Conclusion: Governments worldwide should be prepared to address the possible mental health consequences of stringent NPI implementation with both universal and targeted interventions for vulnerable groups.
AB - Objectives: To examine the association of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) with anxiety and depressive symptoms among adults and determine if these associations varied by gender and age. Methods: We combined survey data from 16,177,184 adults from 43 countries who participated in the daily COVID-19 Trends and Impact Survey via Facebook with time-varying NPI data from the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker between 24 April 2020 and 20 December 2020. Using logistic regression models, we examined the association of [1] overall NPI stringency and [2] seven individual NPIs (school closures, workplace closures, cancellation of public events, restrictions on the size of gatherings, stay-at-home requirements, restrictions on internal movement, and international travel controls) with anxiety and depressive symptoms. Results: More stringent implementation of NPIs was associated with a higher odds of anxiety and depressive symptoms, albeit with very small effect sizes. Individual NPIs had heterogeneous associations with anxiety and depressive symptoms by gender and age. Conclusion: Governments worldwide should be prepared to address the possible mental health consequences of stringent NPI implementation with both universal and targeted interventions for vulnerable groups.
KW - COVID-19
KW - age
KW - anxiety
KW - depression
KW - gender
KW - non-pharmaceutical interventions
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U2 - 10.3389/ijph.2022.1604430
DO - 10.3389/ijph.2022.1604430
M3 - Article
C2 - 35308051
AN - SCOPUS:85127354573
SN - 1661-8556
VL - 67
JO - International Journal of Public Health
JF - International Journal of Public Health
M1 - 1604430
ER -