Applying lessons of COVID-19 and other emerging infectious diseases to future outbreaks

Infectious diseases are emerging and re-emerging far more frequently than many appreciate. In the past two decades alone, there have been numerous outbreaks (e.g., Ebola, chikungunya, Zika, and Mpox) and pandemics (i.e., swine fluand coronavirus disease 2019) with profound effectsto public health, the economy, and society at large. Rather than view these in isolation, there are important lessons pertaining to how best to contend with future outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases. Those lessons span definition(i.e., what constitutes a pandemic), through deficienciesin surveillance, data collection and reporting, the execution of research in a rapidly changing environment, the nuances of study design and hierarchy of clinical evidence, triage according to clinical need as supply chains become overwhelmed, and the challenges surrounding forecasting of outbreaks. Understanding those lessons and drawing on both the successes and failures of the past are imperative if we are to overcome the challenges of outbreak/pandemic responsiveness.