Application of genetic testing for childhood cancers in emerging countries

Contemporary molecular and imaging technologies have increased the accuracy and precision of pediatric cancer diagnosis, recognition of residual disease, and treatments in some parts of the world. Risk factors such as exposure to Epstein-Barr, hepatitis B and C, and human immunodeficiency viruses and radiation vary in children globally. Optimal individualization of pediatric cancer care requires the resources and organization to have a health care system capable of providing care for all children with focused attention and supports addressing childhood cancers. Genetic knowledge and technologies will play an increasing role in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric cancers as countries and programs partner in clinical care, education, and research. This chapter discusses childhood cancer epidemiology, genetic testing, and recommendations for regional, national, and international collaborations in light of resource, utility, ethical, palliative care, and social issues.