@article{7e5488759a5f41cfa0ee8205b2f68d4e,
title = "A meta-analysis of behavior therapy for tourette syndrome",
abstract = "Individual randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of habit reversal training and a Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics (collectively referred to as behavior therapy, BT) have demonstrated efficacy in reducing tic severity for individuals with Tourette Syndrome and Chronic Tic Disorders (collectively referred to as TS), with no examination of treatment moderators. The present meta-analysis synthesized the treatment effect sizes (ES) of BT relative to comparison conditions, and examined moderators of treatment. A comprehensive literature search identified eight RCTs that met inclusion criteria, and produced a total sample of 438 participants. A random effects meta-analysis found a medium to large ES for BT relative to comparison conditions. Participant mean age, average number of therapy sessions, and the percentage of participants with co-occurring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were found to moderate treatment effects. Participants receiving BT were more likely to exhibit a treatment response compared to control interventions, and identified a number needed to treat (NNT) of three. Sensitivity analyses failed to identify publication bias. Overall, BT trials yield medium to large effects for TS that are comparable to treatment effects identified by meta-analyses of antipsychotic medication RCTs. Larger treatment effects may be observed among BT trials with older participants, more therapeutic contact, and less co-occurring ADHD.",
keywords = "Chronic Tic Disorder, Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics, Habit reversal training, Tourette disorder, Treatment outcome",
author = "McGuire, {Joseph F.} and John Piacentini and Brennan, {Erin A.} and Lewin, {Adam B.} and Murphy, {Tanya K.} and Small, {Brent J.} and Storch, {Eric A.}",
note = "Funding Information: Mr. McGuire and Ms. Brennan report no relevant disclosures. Dr. Piacentini has received support from NIMH, the Tourette Syndrome Association (TSA), and the Obsessive Compulsive Foundation, book royalties from Guilford Press and Oxford University Press, including the Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics manual discussed in this paper, and serves on the speakers' bureau for the TSA. Dr. Lewin has served as a consultant for Otsuka America Pharmaceutical and ProPhase, Inc. He has received grant support from International Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Foundation; National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression; University of South Florida Research Foundation, Inc. He has received travel support from University of South Florida Research Foundation, Inc. Dr. Murphy has received research funding from NIH/NIMH, CDC, Otsuka Pharmaceuticals, NARSAD, IOCDF, Ortho-McNeil Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Shire Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, Inc. and Indevus Pharmaceuticals. She has received travel support from the Tourette Syndrome Association and honorarium from grand rounds lectures. Dr. Small has received support from the National Institute of Aging (NIA), National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the American Cancer Society (ACS). Dr. Storch has received grant funding in the last 2 years from the National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders, International OCD Foundation, Tourette Syndrome Association, and Janssen Pharmaceuticals. He receives textbook honorarium from Springer publishers, American Psychological Association, and Lawrence Erlbaum. Dr. Storch has been an educational consultant for Rogers Memorial Hospital. He is a consultant for Prophase, Inc. and CroNos, Inc., and is on the Speaker's Bureau and Scientific Advisory Board for the International OCD Foundation. He receives research support from the All Children's Hospital Guild Endowed Chair. ",
year = "2014",
doi = "10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.12.009",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "50",
pages = "106--112",
journal = "Journal of Psychiatric Research",
issn = "0022-3956",
publisher = "Elsevier Limited",
number = "1",
}